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FollowingNearly two-thirds of Amazon's religious books are suspected of being generated by AI
A new study of more than 2000 religious books recently published by Amazon shows that nearly two-thirds of them are likely written by artificial intelligence. AI testing company Originality.ai pointed out in a report released Wednesday that after sampling 2034 books in 14 religion and belief categories, 1272 books (63%) were marked as "suspected AI-generated."
Witchcraft books have the highest suspected proportion, with 78% of the books sampled in Amazon's "Wicka, Witchcraft and Paganism" category judged to be written by AI. These books cover topics such as healing crystals, herbal remedies, and purifying "negative energy." Report author Michael Freeman said many witchcraft books focus on these content. "Imagine that ideal customers are those who seek self-healing, improve mental health, or want to 'detoxify' common chemicals and drugs," Freeman said."These Wicka books can respond to these needs without having to follow any scientific standards." Hindu books rank second with 76%, Taoist books have 74%, and Sikh, Buddhist, Islamic, Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox and Jewish books have somewhere in between. Mormons are 42%, atheists are 40%, and Satanism are 22%. The researchers warned that the sample size varies significantly among categories.
Freeman said the researchers analyzed book descriptions, author profiles and trial reading chapters and classified text with scores of 50 or above as "suspected AI-generated." But he also stressed that the results only represent possibilities and are not conclusive evidence. "We don't claim to be certain that a book must have been written by AI," he said."Our model just judges the likelihood that it would have been generated by AI based on a certain level of confidence." Freeman also pointed out that the research team conducted spot checks on books marked as suspected AI-generated. "So far, our research team has been able to roughly distinguish between suspected AI-generated content and human-written content." Although Freeman is confident in the research results, AI detectors have also experienced false positives and contradictory results. In October 2024, when four AI detectors were tested, they reached completely different conclusions when analyzing the US Declaration of Independence: 97.93% of ZeroGPT's judgment text was generated by AI, while QuillBot believed that it was entirely written by humans. GPTZero gave an 89% probability of human writing. More recently, in March this year, the Supreme Court of Colombia rejected a legal document because detectors marked it as AI-generated. When a lawyer submitted the court's ruling to the same detector, the result was rated as 93% AI-generated.
Amazon did not immediately respond to a request for comment. "Amazon knows how common AI-generated content is on its platform, and adopts an integrity system of self-declaration by authors, allowing authors to label themselves whether their work is AI-generated," Freeman said. He added that the company did not share its research results with Amazon. "We don't know how many authors would actually disclose this." In addition, the practice of using physical books to train AI has also attracted attention-developers buy millions of books, unbind them, scan pages as training datasets, and then discard the original books. In August, an investigation traced a shipment of rare books shipped to Amazon's facility in Las Vegas, where workers removed the spines to scan pages for AI training data. Amazon has confirmed that it purchased books through commercial channels for this operation.
