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Circle brings bitcoin-backed USDC loans to Mint

2026-09-22 16:46:12
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核心要点

Circle Mint 现已支持以比特币为抵押品的 USDC 借贷服务。提供借出 USDC 的是 Morpho 贷款人,而非 Circle 本身。cirBTC 会离开 Mint 的受监管账户环境。比特币价格下跌可能触发清算机制。赞助的 Gas 费用并不能消除借贷风险。


Circle 提供通道,而非贷款

Circle 在 9 月 21 日的公告中推出了数字资产抵押贷款服务。符合条件的 Circle Mint LLC 客户可以存入比特币,将其转换为 Circle Wrapped Bitcoin (cirBTC),并使用该 cirBTC 作为抵押品获取 USDC 贷款。该服务专为机构用户设计,个人用户无法使用,且在新纽约州不可用。尽管整个流程可以通过 Circle Mint 发起和管理,但 Circle 并不直接出借 USDC。其当前文档指出,可用的借贷路由是 Arc 和以太坊上的 Morpho 市场。Morpho 是一个去中心化借贷协议,它利用智能合约将拥有抵押品的借款人与提供 USDC 的其他参与者连接起来。利率随该市场的条件波动,而非由 Circle 设定固定信贷额度。Circle 自动化了钱包和交易步骤,支付被称为 Gas 的区块链处理费,并将借出的 USDC 返回至客户的 Mint 余额中。贷款本身仍保留在 Morpho 上。


比特币的去向

1. 原生 BTC 转化为 cirBTC

机构向 Circle 发送比特币,并收到等量的 cirBTC。这种包装代币允许价值在 Arc 或以太坊上移动,从而与借贷智能合约进行交互。根据 Circle 的 cirBTC 文档,每个代币都由一个原生 BTC 支持。储备金与 Circle 的企业资产分开持有,以造福 cirBTC 持有者,并通过链上储备金证明系统进行报告。

2. 抵押品离开 Circle Mint

Circle 为客户创建一个智能合约钱包。这是一个由编程规则控制的链上账户,而非常规的银行或交易所账户。Circle 处理常规的交易提交,而客户注册用于恢复的密钥。关键的变化发生在 cirBTC 从 Mint 余额转移到该钱包,然后进入 Morpho 时。Circle 的借贷条款规定,位于 Mint 账户之外的资产不再由其受监管的 Mint 环境持有。它们也失去了在留在该期间所享有的保护、控制和服务承诺。

3. USDC 返回 Mint,但债务保留在链上

在 Morpho 接受 cirBTC 作为抵押品后,由市场贷款人提供的 USDC 被发送至智能合约钱包。随后,Circle 自动将其转移至客户的 Mint 余额中。机构可以在保持对比特币敞口的同时使用 USDC,但利息继续在 Morpho 头寸上累积。全额还款将释放 cirBTC。部分还款会降低债务,但不会自动返还部分抵押品。


1:1 的背书并不能防止清算

cirBTC 背后的背书回答了一个问题:Circle 发行的包装代币是否有原生比特币支持。但这并不能保证使用该代币进行的贷款一定是安全的。一旦 cirBTC 成为抵押品,其美元价值决定了该头寸能支持的 USDC 数量。因此,即使 cirBTC 完全背书且可赎回,比特币价格的下跌也会使贷款更加脆弱。


价格下跌如何影响贷款

初始状态:机构质押价值 100,000 美元的 1 个 cirBTC,借入 50,000 USDC。贷款价值比(LTV)为 50%。

比特币下跌后:如果抵押品跌至 70,000 美元,相同的债务产生的 LTV 约为 71%。自贷款开立以来累积的利息会使比率略微上升。

This example does not establish a common clearing price. Each Morpho market has its own borrowing limits and clearing thresholds. The agreement relies on a oracle (an external source of price data) to evaluate the value of cirBTC and then calculate a health factor that shows the position is close to liquidation. A health factor above 1 means that the collateral still meets market requirements; below 1, the third-party liquidator can repay part of the debt and confiscate cirBTC. Circle sets a minimum limit on opening new loans, keeping it at a distance from Morpho's clearing threshold. It also said that when LTV reaches 90% of that boundary, customer account managers will be notified via email. This notification is an early warning, not a pause button. A rapid decline in Bitcoin, email delays or sudden oracle updates can leave little time to add collateral or repay debt. Liquidation is performed through agreement, and Circle will not issue negotiated margin calls.


Circle simplified content-and the risks still exposed

Circle simplified:

  • Create an on-chain wallet
  • Submit regular transactions
  • Pay blockchain Gas fees
  • Return loaned USDC to Mint

Borrowers still face:

  • Bitcoin price falls
  • Variable borrowing costs
  • Smart contract and oracle failures
  • Liquidity and clearing risk

Sponsored 的 Gas 意味着客户无需持有单独的区块链代币来支付交易费用。这并不意味着贷款免费。利息继续累积,且 Circle 的条款允许在披露的情况下收取适用的协议、第三方和 Circle 费用。该设计遵循了 Circle 此前允许 AI 代理在没有单独 Gas 钱包的情况下进行 USDC 支付时所采用的方法。Circle 在其界面后面放置交易提交和 Gas 管理,而结算仍在链上进行。然而,在此处,客户不仅是在转移资金。他们正在维持一个杠杆头寸,其安全性取决于比特币的价格、Morpho 的合同、市场的流动性以及评估抵押品的预言机。


接口可能停止,但贷款持续存在

Circle's legal provisions contain one final distinction that borrowers easily ignore. If Circle suspends or terminates access to digital asset mortgage lending services, the action will not automatically repay or close existing Morpho positions. Even if Circle's interface is temporarily unavailable, institutions will still be responsible for debt and collateral. They may need to manage the position directly through underlying agreements. Circle connects two different environments: regulated Mint accounts used to enter and exit positions, and external DeFi markets where borrowing occurs. Integration makes the journey between the two less obvious, but does not erase the boundaries. For institutions, this boundary is more important than the convenience of the borrowing button. The USDC may return Circle Mint, but the bitcoin that backs the loan remains subject to Morpho's rules until the debt is paid off or the collateral is cleared.

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