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美国财政部因涉嫌向伊朗革命卫队转移比特币对BitBank实施制裁

2026-09-19 12:21:08
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美国财政部制裁伊朗加密交易所BitBank,指控其协助革命卫队转移资金

2026年9月17日,美国财政部外国资产控制办公室(OFAC)将伊朗加密货币交易所BitBank列入制裁名单。美方指控该平台被用于向伊斯兰革命卫队(IRGC)输送价值数亿美元的比特币。这一行动是被称为“经济弃民”(Economic Outcast)的系列举措之一,标志着华盛顿的制裁机制直接延伸至伊朗的数字资产基础设施。

制裁核心事实与指控细节

根据OFAC于2026年9月17日发布的指定公告,BitBank(亦称BITBANK3)是一家成立于2024年、总部位于德黑兰的伊朗本地交易所。美国财政部指出,该交易所由伊朗金融家巴巴克·赞贾尼(Babak Zanjani)控制,后者此前因涉及逃避石油收入制裁而已有受制裁记录。此次行动还同时制裁了BitBank的软件开发商——皮什塔兹西莫尔格电子贸易公司(Pishtaz Simorgh Electronic Trade Company),以及赞贾尼的三名关联人员。

美国财政部长斯科特·贝森特(Scott Bessent)表示:“今天对伊朗数字资产基础设施的指定清楚地表明,利用加密货币为伊朗政权融资的行为并非OFAC无法触及。”这些指定措施依据的是第13902号行政命令,该命令旨在覆盖伊朗的数字资产部门,冻结与被指定者相关的美国管辖财产,并禁止美国人与其进行交易。

此外,财政部指出,与霍尔木兹海峡通行费征收相关的机构“霍尔木兹安全海事服务局”自2026年6月起一直使用BitBank将其收到的款项转移给伊朗政权。据财政部称,这一细节扩大了涉嫌网络的规模,使其不仅仅局限于个别金融家,而是将交易所与伊朗国家收入来源联系起来。行业媒体Unchained指出,此次行动的实际影响力在于附加在每一个被点名实体上的二级制裁风险,这意味着继续与BitBank或其关联方交易的非美国企业面临被排除在美国金融体系之外的风险。

涉嫌比特币转移与革命卫队的关联

根据美国财政部的说法,赞贾尼在2026年6月至7月期间利用BitBank,协助向被美国列为外国恐怖组织的伊斯兰革命卫队转移了价值数亿美元的比特币。

尽管财政部声称发生了巨额比特币转移,但该机构并未公布具体的金额或链上标识符(如钱包地址或交易哈希值)。由于缺乏这些数据,外界无法通过区块浏览器独立重建所谓的转账记录。财政部公告中提供的唯一时间锚点即为上述两个月的窗口期。

在美国法律下,革命卫队被列为“特别全球恐怖分子”。如果证实任何比特币转移至革命卫队,这不仅构成违反制裁令,还可能触犯美国反恐法规中的“实质性支持”罪名。然而,财政部的公告并未说明是否已提起平行的刑事转介案件。

为何BitBank制裁对加密合规至关重要

“经济弃民”行动的指定信号表明,OFAC正在将其执法姿态从传统金融轨道扩展到更广泛的领域。在美国财政部看来,比特币的伪匿名账本并不意味着交易脱离了其管辖范围;只要交易链条中存在任何美国人员的接触(包括通过托管钱包或法币出金通道),就足以触发法律责任。

拥有全球用户基础的交易所和托管机构面临着重新筛查对手方是否符合OFAC特别指定国民(SDN)清单的压力。目前,BitBank已作为第58619号条目出现在SDN清单中,并带有“IRAN”及“IRAN-EO13902”项目标签。

As of publication of this article, Bitcoin was trading at $81,192, up about 5% in the past 24 hours, giving it a market value of nearly $1.63 trillion. The Crypto Fear and Greed Index is 71, indicating that market sentiment is in a "greedy" state. The enforcement action comes at a time when Bitcoin's market value is growing and it is increasingly difficult for regulators to view it as a marginal asset.

For the compliance team, the BitBank case adds to the precedent for the U.S. Treasury Department to target digital asset infrastructure rather than individual wallets. The designation of BitBank software developer Pishtaz Simorg Electronic Trading Company traces responsibility back to upstream software development, a channel that OFAC had not previously highlighted in cryptography-related actions. Companies that provide technical services to exchanges operating in sanctioned jurisdictions should view Pishtaz's designation as a direct warning of developer side risks.

Bitcoin's fixed supply and unlicensed settlement layers make it a natural tool for circumventing sanctions, but its transparent ledger also creates a consistent forensic record. The Ministry of Finance refused to publish on-chain identifiers in the case, leaving open the question of whether the basis of evidence relied on blockchain analysis, traditional financial intelligence, or a combination of the two. This distinction will become critical if any designated party challenges the action in a U.S. court.

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