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美国SEC发布加密货币员工指导,与CFTC方法保持一致

2026-09-29 06:33:20
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美国SEC更新加密资产监管指南,与CFTC立场趋同

美国证券交易委员会(SEC)近日更新了关于联邦证券法如何适用于特定加密资产及相关交易的指导方针,对其于今年3月发布的常见问题解答(FAQ)进行了修订。此举紧随美国商品期货交易委员会(CFTC)上周采取的类似行动之后,而国会则在通过更广泛的加密市场结构法案方面陷入僵局。

在周五发布的更新中,SEC强调该指导方针不具有约束力,不会改变现有法律或创造新的法律义务。相反,它澄清了监管机构将如何评估数字资产产品——特别是在可能涉及“豪威测试”(Howey Test)的情况下。

核心要点

  • SEC的FAQ更新重申,其解释不具有约束力,且不修改证券法。
  • 如果系统处于功能完备状态且缺乏负责关键管理努力的中心方,代币回购行为可能避免被认定为证券性质的“投资合同”。
  • 对于加密网络而言,旨在改善或促进网络功能的活动不一定自动满足豪威测试的标准。
  • 质押收据代币并非自动被归类为证券;其分类取决于具体安排的结构和呈现方式。

SEC在加密FAQ中的主要变更内容

此次更新主要针对SEC分析某些数字资产发行是否构成联邦证券法下“投资合同”的方法。此次FAQ修订是对SEC今年3月发布的关于“特定类型加密资产及涉及加密资产的特定交易”材料的补充。

根据SEC的说法,更新的FAQ内容旨在解释监管机构对其规则的解释及其在具体场景中的应用。监管机构明确表示,该指导方针“没有法律效力”,不改变或修改适用法律,也不为任何人创造新的义务。

代币回购、网络功能与豪威测试

SEC涵盖的一个显著领域涉及代币回购计划。SEC表示,只要加密系统功能完备且不存在“中心方”,代币发行人就可以进行客户回购,而不必必然触发“投资合同”的认定。SEC认为,缺乏中心实体至关重要,因为关于承担“关键管理努力”的承诺或陈述往往是豪威测试决定的核心要素。

换句话说,SEC的FAQ更新并未将回购视为独立的证券问题,而是引导读者关注更广泛的结构:即该安排是否包含可能导致投资者依赖他人努力的承诺。

The SEC also elaborated on its views on encrypted networks. Regulators point out that a "fully functional" system may not meet the Howe test if its services are designed to safeguard, maintain, improve or enhance the system, or promote network effects. This guidance is significant because network-oriented development and operational support is a common part of encryption projects, even if the network is not controlled by a single manager.

In addition, the SEC stated that pledged receipt tokens are not always classified as securities. As in the case of repurchase, the underlying meaning is that the pledge statement, the expected role of any managing entity, and the actual circumstances of control and liability are more important than the mere existence of a receipt of pledged associated tokens.

Why this is crucial when Congress is stagnant

The SEC update came shortly after the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) issued guidance to token issuers last week. The parallel moves by the two regulators highlight a key reality for market participants: Even without new legislation, regulators are still trying to provide direction on how they interpret existing powers.

This timing is closely related to the inaction of Congress. Previous reports have shown that the Senate failed to advance an expected crypto market structure bill that would have clarified the respective roles of regulators in digital assets. In the absence of legislation, SEC Chairman Paul Atkins and CFTC Chairman Michael Selig have said agencies will continue to use existing powers to address crypto regulation issues.

对于投资者和建设者而言,实际影响在于合规性和法律风险评估仍将高度依赖于具体事实。SEC重新发布的FAQ——尽管不具有法律约束力——发出了信号,表明在豪威框架下,哪些条件可能降低被归类为证券的可能性,以及哪些元素(例如中心方的关键管理努力)可能会受到审查。

SEC领导层变动为未来步骤增添不确定性

除了FAQ更新外,SEC的内部领导格局也在发生变化。委员赫斯特·皮尔斯(Hester Peirce)于周五宣布,她计划在10月2日辞职,她在该机构服务了八年。皮尔斯因倡导更有利的数字资产政策方法而在加密行业部分人士中被称为“加密妈妈”(Crypto Mom),预计她将于11月加入弗吉尼亚州里根大学担任副教授。

随着皮尔斯的离任,SEC的领导权将交由主席保罗·阿特金斯和委员马克·尤耶达(Mark Uyeda)掌握。两人均为共和党委员,而该委员会通常是一个由五名两党成员组成的小组。截至周一,白宫尚未宣布接替皮尔斯或另外两个民主党席位的候选人。

这一点之所以重要,是因为未来的执法优先事项、规则制定重点以及机构将指导方针转化为行动的广度,都可能受到委员构成的影响。虽然周五的FAQ不具有法律约束力,但它们仍然可以塑造企业如何构建发行方案,以及监管机构如何解读事实模式。

展望未来,市场参与者应密切关注SEC更新的FAQ立场是否在执法决定中得到体现,以及国会努力是否会带来任何澄清——鉴于SEC和CFTC目前在立法停滞的背景下并行提供指导,这一点尤为关键。

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