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美国SEC批准现货比特币、以太坊和XRP ETF的实物申购

2026-09-15 21:15:08
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现货加密货币ETF的投资机制与幕后逻辑

投资现货加密货币交易所交易基金(ETF)看似简单。投资者通常只需开设经纪账户,购买基金份额,即可间接持有比特币、以太坊或XRP等资产,而无需直接管理数字钱包。然而,支撑这些交易的流程远比表面看起来复杂。在这一过程中,授权参与者、做市商、流动性提供商以及机构托管人等多个实体在后台发挥着关键作用。

一个常见的误解是:当投资者购买1000美元的比特币ETF时,基金公司会立即用这笔资金购买等值的比特币。事实上,大多数ETF交易发生在交易所的投资者之间,这意味着买方的资金主要流向了卖方,而非ETF的管理者。

只有当对ETF份额的需求上升,导致可用供应减少,或其市场价格偏离基金投资组合中资产的价值时,底层加密货币才会真正介入其中。

授权参与者的角色

授权参与者(APs)是被指定的金融机构,拥有创建或赎回大量ETF份额(称为“一篮子份额”)的特权。例如,全球领先的资产管理公司贝莱德(BlackRock)将其比特币和以太坊ETF的这一功能限制在授权参与者范围内。

ETF份额篮子的创建主要有两种方式:现金创建和实物创建。

  • 现金创建:Authorize participants to provide U.S. dollars, and the trust fund then converts U.S. dollars into cryptocurrencies (such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, or XRP) through approved trading partners or liquidity providers. These assets will then be deposited into an institutional escrow account.
  • Physical Creation: Authorizes participants or their representatives to provide cryptocurrency directly to the trust fund in exchange for new ETF shares.

Terminology: Authorized participants (APs) are professional financial institutions that reach an agreement with the ETF promoter and are responsible for creating or redeeming large ETF shares. Their activity helps bring the market price of the ETF closer to the value of its underlying assets.

Previously, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) required spot cryptocurrency ETFs in the United States to only use cash creation and redemption mechanisms. But in July 2025, the SEC approved the use of physical mechanisms for cryptocurrency ETPs (crypto products), bringing their structure closer to commodity ETFs based on physical assets such as gold.

ETF Assets Allowed creation methods Institutional Example Bitcoin Cash and kind BlackRock, Fidelity Ethereum Cash and kind BlackRock, Grayscale XRP Cash, in kind, or both (varies by trust) Various XRP trusts

例如,贝莱德旗下的基金可以与批准的加密交易对手方进行交易,或使用Coinbase Prime服务,并将由此产生的加密货币转入信托的托管账户。以太坊产品的流程类似,授权参与者可根据基金结构选择使用现金或以太坊进行创建。

XRP ETF的流程与影响

虽然XRP ETF遵循大致相同的原理,但具体机制在不同基金之间可能存在差异。许多XRP信托目前使用现金订单模式,即授权参与者交付美元,由流动性提供商为信托获取XRP。部分XRP基金也允许根据设计同时采用现金和实物创建方式。

某XRP信托的一份SEC文件详细说明了实物创建流程:授权参与者可以通过链上交易将XRP发送给信托的托管人。收到后,ETF份额将记入该参与者账户。这意味着,随着机构需求的增加,实际持有的XRP可能会进入ETF的托管账户。

当机构通过直接向信托托管账户交付XRP来创建新的ETF份额时,新的资本流入可能导致代表ETF投资者持有的资产数量增加。这种互动解释了为什么显著的ETF资金流入可以推动底层加密货币的价格上涨。这也强调了为何XRP ETF的资金流入会受到市场关注,特别是在比特币产品出现净流出的时期。

所有权与赎回的区别

支持这些ETF的加密货币——无论是BTC、ETH还是XRP——都由机构托管人代为存储。ETF股东通过其份额拥有对这些资产的敞口,但并不直接控制底层加密货币。

这种安排将现货ETF与直接拥有加密货币区分开来,它提供了经纪账户的便利性和受监管的基础设施,但通常禁止将支持的比特币或XRP直接提取到个人钱包中。

当出售ETF份额时,除非授权参与者发起大规模篮子份额的赎回,否则基金本身通常不需要清算加密货币。在这种情况下,基金会交付现金,或在允许的情况下交付底层数字资产(实物赎回)。

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