如何设置您的加密钱包:从入门到合规的完整指南
搭建自己的加密钱包大约需要二十分钟,主要包含四个步骤:选择钱包类型、生成钱包、离线备份助记词,并使用小额资金测试转账功能是否畅通无阻。其中第三步至关重要,因为它是唯一无法由他人代劳的关键环节。
本指南将逐步解析上述流程,在您首次遇到相关术语时进行解释,并在最后阐述在德国法律及税务语境下,“自我托管”钱包的具体含义。
加密钱包存储的是什么?为什么您的代币从未真正“存在”于钱包中
这个名称具有误导性。钱包并非存放硬币的钱袋。德国联邦财政部在2025年3月6日的函件中明确指出:“加密资产并不存储在钱包本身之中;它们始终保留在区块链上”(第17段)。因此,Keyring(密钥环)是更准确的翻译。
钱包实际管理的是两类密钥:
- 公钥:即接收地址。该部门将其比作IBAN账号或电子邮件地址(第18段)。它可以被公开,因为其唯一作用是在区块链上分配余额。
- 私钥:其对应物。它用于在每个支付交易中生成数字签名,且仅由持有者知晓。
由此引出了整篇文章的核心论点:**谁控制私钥,谁就控制资金。** 德国联邦财政法院在2023年的判决中也持相同观点,将加密资产归属于能够发起交易的人(2023年2月14日判决,案号 IX R 3/22)。
您需要了解的三个核心术语
- 私钥 (Private key):用于签署支付的秘密数字串。任何人获取此信息即可转移资金。
- 地址 (Address):他人向您发送资金所使用的公开字符串。无法通过地址反向推导出私钥。
- 助记词 (Recovery words):也称为种子短语或恢复短语,是一组12或24个单词,根据这些单词可以重新生成钱包中的每一个私钥。无论设备如何变化,持有该列表即拥有钱包。
顺便一提,一个人拥有的钱包数量没有限制,且通常每种区块链都需要独立的钱包,因为地址格式各不相同。因此,同时持有比特币和其他网络资产的用户通常会并行运行多个钱包。
托管与自我托管:首要抉择
在安装任何软件之前,您需要决定资产的持有方式。只有两种选择:
- 托管模式 (Custodial model):由公司为您持有私钥。访问权限通过用户名、密码和第二因素验证实现。交易所账户通常采用这种方式。优势在于便利性:忘记密码可以重置,且支持团队可随时联系。代价是对赌风险(Counterparty risk)。如果公司破产、冻结提现或丢失对其自身密钥的控制,您的资金也将面临相应风险。
- 自我托管 (Self-custody):密钥由您自己掌握。没有人能冻结您的资金,但也没有人能帮您找回。没有支持中心来救援您,也没有重置功能。助记词是唯一的风险预案。
两者均合法且各有适用场景。许多投资者采取混合策略:活跃交易的部分留在持牌平台上,而长期持有的部分转入自我托管。分界线完全取决于您对自有备份控制的坚定程度。
托管或自我托管:关于谁持有密钥的决定应在安装前做出,而非安装后。软件钱包、硬件钱包还是交易所账户:哪种适合您?
在自我托管范围内,有两种实用的设计,加上作为第三种选项的交易所账户(无需您拥有密钥)。
软件钱包 (Software Wallet)
安装在手机、电脑上的应用程序,或作为浏览器扩展插件。私钥加密存储在设备上。设置快速、免费,适合那些损失会令人痛苦但不至于导致生存危机的金额。弱点在于设备本身:恶意软件、被篡改的浏览器扩展或一次随意的点击都可能造成攻击。德语区市场常见的应用程序及其区别详见我们的软件钱包对比指南。
硬件钱包 (Hardware Wallet)
一种专用的小型设备,生成私钥且不对外释放。每笔支付均在设备本身确认,通常只需按下按钮,并在设备自带的屏幕上显示接收地址。即使计算机感染病毒,也无法触发您在设备上未批准的支付。成本:根据型号不同,约为50至200欧元。
交易所账户 (Exchange Account)
没有您自己的密钥,但也无需设置努力。对于小额资金以及近期打算出售的资金,这是一条合理的途径。但对于较大金额的永久持有方案,则需承担上述的对赌风险。
来自实践的大致经验法则:对于四位数的较低金额,配置良好的软件钱包已足够。超过该金额后,硬件设备显得更有价值,因为其附加费用相对于持有金额而言占比很小。
逐步操作:如何设置软件钱包
所有常见应用程序的操作序列几乎相同。请预留二十分钟一次性完成,切勿中断。
- 检查来源:仅从操作系统的官方应用商店下载应用程序,或从您亲自输入的制造商网站地址下载。虚假钱包应用程序是最常见的欺诈形式之一,搜索结果或广告通常是入口。
- 生成新钱包:首次启动时,选择“新建钱包”选项,而非“导入恢复”。应用程序将在设备上直接生成助记词。
- 手写记录:应用程序现在按固定顺序显示12或24个单词。请手动抄写并编号,不要跳过任何一个。严禁截图、使用笔记应用、云存储或给自己发邮件。
- 核对转录内容:大多数应用程序随后会对个别单词进行测试。请认真对待,并在之后逐字与您的手写清单进行比对。顺序中的一个错位会使备份失效。
- 设置设备锁:为应用程序分配PIN码或密码,并开启设备的屏幕锁定。这虽不能防御恶意软件,但能防止设备丢失后的未经授权使用。
- 发送测试金额:向新地址转账一小笔资金,然后将其中一部分转回。只有当两个方向的转账都成功后,钱包才准备好投入使用。
- 练习恢复过程:这是几乎每个人都会忽略的步骤:重置应用程序,并从您的手写列表中恢复钱包。此后您才能确信备份有效,而不仅仅是知道它存放在某处。
助记词:承载一切的十二个单词
单词列表遵循一个名为BIP-39的开放标准。它定义了一个包含2,048个单词的固定词汇表,每个兼容的钱包都从中选取。这正是单词在不同制造商之间具有可移植性的原因:如果一个提供商消失,您可以在不同的应用程序中恢复相同的钱包。
这种可移植性正是必须严格对待该列表的原因。密码位于账户旁边,而这个单词列表就是账户本身。
存放位置
纸张是一个好的开始,但不是一个好的结局:它会燃烧、泛黄,一个被水淹的地窖就足以毁掉一切。对于保护值得重视的金额,建议将单词刻印在钢板上。此类钢板成本仅需几十欧元,且能防火防水。
存储规则是:至少两个地点,物理隔离,且都在您的控制之下。保险箱和自家住所是 proven(经过验证)的组合。具体实施方法及哪些变体经受住了考验,详见我们关于安全存储种子短语的指南。
可选的第25个因子:密码短语 (Passphrase)
Many wallets additionally allow you to enter a custom word, often called a passphrase. It completely changes the derived key, does not store it anywhere, and makes the list of found words worthless when used alone. Here's the price: If the passphrase is lost, even if you have a complete list of words, funds will be lost forever. For beginners, this is another source of error; for experienced users, it is a sensible second line of defense.
Metal replaces paper: Anyone who self-administers large assets should protect mnemonics from fires and floods. Setting up a hardware wallet: What to pay attention to when unpacking
The operating sequence is similar to a software wallet, but there are four key details that determine success or failure:
- First, source : Buy only directly from the manufacturer or its designated dealer. Equipment in the second-hand market, classified advertising or third-party market should be excluded because the tampered equipment cannot be identified from the outside.
- Secondly, pre-printed cards : If the device comes with a card with words already filled in, the device has been contaminated. The new device only generates words during the setup process and does so on the device itself. The list of words provided is a typical fraud setting.
- Third, the display : Words appear on the screen of the device, never on the computer. If a website or program asks you to enter mnemonic words, it's definitely an attack, no matter how realistic the page may seem.
- 第四,固件:在转移任何有意义的金额之前,通过制造商的官方应用程序安装最新固件。德语区零售市场中哪些型号有所不同以及在选择时需注意的事项,总结在硬件钱包对比指南中。
在此之后,适用与上述相同的规则:测试金额转出,部分转回,并练习一次恢复过程。
首次转账:检查测试金额、网络和地址
初期的大多数损失并非来自黑客攻击,而是首次转账时的操作错误。以下三项检查可防止几乎所有此类错误:
- 网络 (The network):同一代币可能存在于多个区块链上,且地址看起来非常相似。如果在交易所选错了网络,资金将落入您的钱包没有密钥的链上。有时可以通过努力追回,有时则不能。在这种情况下可能的补救措施,我们在关于“通过错误网络发送加密资产”的文章中已有详述。
- 地址 (The address):从钱包复制接收地址,然后在交易所的输入字段中比较前五个和后五个字符。存在专门旨在交换剪贴板中复制地址的恶意软件。使用硬件钱包时,您还可以在设备屏幕上验证地址。
- 测试金额 (The test amount): On the first attempt, send an amount that will not bother you and wait for confirmation. The network fee paid for this is the cheapest insurance premium during the entire process.
In Germany: BaFin, MiCAR and Self-hosting
A question often arises: Do you need permission to set up your wallet? No need. The Federal Financial Supervisory Office clearly stated in its Guidance Notice on Crypto Asset Services under MiCAR that "the custody and management of holders 'own crypto assets" is not within the scope of regulation because such custody is not provided "for customers." What needs to be authorized is the services provided to third parties, not the handling of your own assets.
On the other hand: Starting from December 30, 2024, anyone holding assets for others will need to obtain authorization from a cryptographic asset service provider in accordance with European cryptographic asset market regulations. For providers located in Germany, this status can be tracked through the supervisory agency's database. This is the most important check before leaving funds on the platform.
For you as a user, this means a simple division of labor: for the managed portion, you check the provider's authorization; for the self-managed portion, you check your own backups. In both cases, no third party will intervene when a problem arises.
Taxation: The tax department wants to know information about your wallet
The wallet itself does not trigger taxes. It becomes relevant as evidence. Privately held crypto assets are regarded as "other economic goods" if there is no more than one year between acquisition and disposal, in accordance with Article 22, paragraph 2, combined with Article 23, paragraph 1, sentence 2, item 2, of the Income Tax Law, the proceeds of sale are subject to tax. The Federal Ministry of Finance letter dated 6 March 2025 records this in paragraph 53 and states the tax exemption threshold: tax exemption remains if the total proceeds from all private disposal transactions in a calendar year are less than € 1,000. Until 2023, the threshold is 600 euros.
There are three points directly related to wallets:
- Evaluation based on wallet-based : According to paragraph 62, a wallet-based perspective applies, once a method of use is selected, that method must be retained throughout the wallet until all positions under that trade mark are sold. As a result, users who spread their positions across multiple wallets must track them separately.
- Reallocation belongs to the category of records : The accounting responsibilities in paragraph 103 clearly name the documentation of the selected usage method for each wallet, as well as the documentation of reallocations between wallets. A transfer between your own two wallets does not in itself constitute an acquisition, as the letter interprets an "acquisition" as a payment obtained from a third party (paragraph 54). Nevertheless, documentation must be carried out because otherwise neither the acquisition date nor the acquisition cost can be proved later.
- Address and deadline for positions may be required :第104段列出了税务局在个案中可能要求的信息:资金来源信息、截止日期(如12月31日)的钱包持仓、使用的钱包地址以及交易哈希值。
在实践中,这意味着:在您设置当天的日子里,创建一个简短的概述,列出钱包、其用途和设置日期,并每年导出一次交易列表。这在日常操作中只需花费几分钟,但在事后回顾时可节省数天时间。
设置时最昂贵的五个错误
- 数字化备份助记词:截图、云密码管理器、给自己的聊天消息:每一种变体都将钱包的安全性转移到了他人的账户上。
- 从不测试恢复:未经核实的备份只是一种假设。测试只需五分钟,却是唯一的证明。
- 首次发送全额:如果没有测试转账,首次尝试将承担错误的网络和被交换地址的全部风险。
- 未阅读批准权限:将钱包连接到浏览器中的应用意味着签署权限。阅读设备上显示的内容,如果显示的与您预期的不符,请立即中止。
- 将所有东西放在一个钱包中:为日常实验设立一个单独的钱包,为持仓设立另一个钱包,可将损害限制在移动部分的范围内。
Setting up a crypto wallet: Key summary
- First determine the custody mode : Determine which positions should remain custody and which should be transferred to your control. For the custody section, you check the provider's authorizations, and our overview of Regulated Crypto Exchanges is the starting point.
- Backup mnemonic before any funds are transferred : Manual backup, stored in two separate locations, using metal media for large assets. Users who want a dedicated device can find the differences between models in Hardware Wallet Comparison .
- Test the path using the test amount and record it : network, address, return path, and a note to record the wallet and set the date for tax documents. Which application is suitable for daily use, please refer to Software Wallet Comparison .

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