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U.S. crypto reserves: Treasury Department and Commerce Department turf battle shelves Trump's $20 b

2026-09-23 15:20:36
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美国战略比特币储备迈出立法关键一步:H.R. 8957 法案获众议院委员会通过

2026年9月16日,美国众议院金融服务委员会以28票赞成、21票反对的结果,通过了《美国储备现代化法案》(H.R. 8957)。这是美国战略比特币储备(Strategic Bitcoin Reserve)迄今为止最具体的立法举措。该法案旨在首次将这一储备机制纳入联邦法律体系。此举距离特朗普总统于2025年3月发布建立该储备的行政命令已逾18个月。在此期间,该计划主要作为政策指导方针存在,而非具有约束力的法律,政府持有的约328,372枚比特币(按当前价格计算价值约282亿美元)仍未获得国会的正式背书。

核心要点

  • 立法进展:2026年9月16日,众议院金融服务委员会以28-21的投票结果推进了《美国储备现代化法案》(H.R. 8957),使其进入委员会批准状态,为后续可能的众议院全体表决铺平道路。
  • 法律地位转变:该法案指示财政部维护一个安全的比特币存储设施,首次将特朗普总统2025年3月的行政命令转化为具有约束力的联邦法律。
  • 现有持仓:美国政府持有估计约328,372枚比特币,按今日价格计算价值约282亿美元,使其成为全球已知最大的国家比特币持有者。然而,这些比特币全部是通过刑事和民事没收程序获得的,而非公开市场购买。
  • 参议院并行法案:由辛西娅·卢米斯(Cynthia Lummis)参议员提出的《比特币法案》(BITCOIN Act)走得更远,要求财政部在五年内积极购买100万枚比特币,但该法案目前尚未在参议院通过。
  • 财政立场:财政部长斯科特·贝森特(Scott Bessent)于2025年8月表示,在当前行政命令框架下,政府不会购买额外的比特币。这意味着所谓的“预算中性”收购指令至今未有任何确认的公开市场购买行动。

9月16日委员会投票的实际影响

经过阿拉斯加州共和党众议员尼克·贝吉奇(Nick Begich)重新命名以扩大两党支持度后,H.R. 8957 正式被称为《美国储备现代化法案》。这标志着国会首次将战略比特币储备提案带入正式的委员会审议流程。此次28-21的投票结果推动该法案走向可能的众议院全体会议表决,但它仍需获得参议院通过并由总统签署才能成为法律。

Democratic Representative Bill Foster of Illinois expressed opposition during the revision process. He believes Bitcoin's high volatility makes it unsuitable as a government reserve asset, and bluntly stated that he does not believe Bitcoin is crucial to the U.S. economy.

Begich said he is coordinating with Senator Loomis to align the House and Senate versions of legislation. This suggests that lawmakers are trying to build a unified path of progress rather than leaving bills in the two houses separate. Given the bill's divisions in committee votes, and the widespread difficulties Congress faces this year in passing crypto market structure legislation-such as the recent failure of the CLARITY bill in the Senate cloture vote-there is still considerable uncertainty about whether the coordination will ultimately produce actual law.

Current legal status of the reserve

President Trump's executive order issued on March 6, 2025 established the Strategic Bitcoin Reserve, directed federal agencies to consolidate their seized Bitcoin holdings under the management of the Treasury Department, and explicitly prohibited the sale of any Bitcoin held in the reserve. The move reverses the U.S. Marshals 'long-standing practice of regular auctions of seized cryptocurrencies.

At the same time, a separate "US Digital Asset Stockpile" was created to store non-Bitcoin assets such as Ethereum, Solana, and XRP. There are different rules for these assets, leaving open the possibility of future sales of these specific assets.

至关重要的是,该行政命令从未承诺政府将使用纳税人的资金购买额外的比特币。相反,它指示财政部和商务部研究“预算中性”的收购策略。这一措辞足够宽泛,以至于一年多过去了,仍未转化为任何确认的公开市场购买行动。目前讨论最热烈的预算中性方案涉及对财政部持有的约8,133吨黄金进行重估。这些黄金目前在账面上仍按大萧条时期的法定价格每盎司42.22美元计价,利用由此产生的账面收益来资助比特币收购,而无需新的支出。

储备推进缓慢的原因

部分延误源于真实的法律和结构性不确定性,而不仅仅是政治惯性。白宫官员在2026年1月确认,政府仍致力于建立该储备,但引用了解决法律条款复杂性的问题阻碍了其实施。一份2026年7月的报告指出,白宫仍在评估由财政部还是商务部正式托管该储备。

安全问题也成为一个具体的担忧:2026年初,在美国法警署调查了一起可能发生的政府数字资产账户黑客事件后,据报道有超过6000万美元被盗。这一事件增加了推动由单一机构集中、安全保管的紧迫性。

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