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量子计算成为比特币安全重大威胁，欧盟监管机构发出警告

2026-09-24 00:18:02
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Core Points

Google's breakthrough research adds urgency
Cryptocurrency network promotes quantum defense strategies
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European financial authorities warn of potential risks of quantum computing to blockchain encryption systems

Currently, no quantum computer has the ability to crack Bitcoin or Ethereum encryption.

Google's latest research has significantly reduced estimates of quantum resources needed to crack elliptic curve encryption.

A preliminary Bitcoin proposal outlines a roadmap for signature schemes that eliminate vulnerability to quantum attacks.

Ethereum has set December 2029 as a deadline for implementing comprehensive anti-quantum protection.

European financial regulators have issued a warning that quantum computing could undermine the cryptographic foundation that protects blockchain networks and the broader financial system. In the Fall 2026 Risk Assessment, the European Banking Authority, the European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority and the European Securities and Markets Authority identified quantum computing as an emerging technological threat. The agencies urge strengthened preparedness measures to deal with the evolution of quantum capabilities and to juxtapose them with artificial intelligence and cybersecurity vulnerabilities.

Google's groundbreaking research adds urgency

The main concern is that the next generation of quantum computers may disrupt the mathematical framework that protects digital signatures. In cryptocurrency systems, such breakthroughs could allow malicious actors to extract private keys from public keys and perform unauthorized transfers.

目前没有任何量子计算机实现了这一能力。现有的警告强调，在足够强大的容错量子机器出现之前，应提前准备区块链基础设施。

今年由谷歌量子AI与研究合作伙伴发布的一项研究加剧了人们的担忧。研究团队计算出，破解256位椭圆曲线密码学大约需要1,200个逻辑量子比特，某些模拟配置则需要不到50万个物理量子比特。

这些预测标志着此前预测的大幅下调。比特币和以太坊目前采用的加密架构，一旦具备足够算力的量子计算硬件问世，可能会受到Shor算法的攻击。

加密货币网络推进量子防御策略

比特币的开发社区已经就网络过渡策略展开了讨论。由Jameson Lopp与其他五位贡献者创建的BIP-361草案规范，概述了在抗量子交易格式投入使用后，逐步淘汰当前ECDSA和Schnorr签名方案的计划。

拟议的框架最终将限制资金转移到易受量子攻击的地址。随后阶段将在实施五年后激活，并对尚未过渡到量子安全保护的硬币支出施加进一步限制。该提案仍处于草案状态，尚未正式被比特币采纳。

以太坊则设定了一个更为明确的内部目标。以太坊基金会宣布，其雄心是在2029年12月前实现以太坊执行、共识和数据基础设施的全面抗量子性，尽管时间表仍取决于技术发展情况而保持灵活。

以太坊已组建专门的抗量子安全工作组，目前正在评估新的签名和验证框架。官方声明强调，在当前条件下，以太坊资产仍受到保护，用户无需立即采取行动。

当前的主流叙事侧重于主动准备而非迫在眉睫的危险。加密货币持有者的脆弱性时间线取决于量子硬件的发展速度，以及区块链平台能否在现有加密方法过时之前成功过渡其安全架构。

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