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BTC Shielded Bitcoin：在比特币基础层实现交易隐私的新协议提案
一份名为“Shielded Bitcoin”的新协议提案已正式发布，旨在为比特币（BTC）的基础层提供交易隐私保护。这项题为《Shielded Bitcoin：比特币L1上的私密转账》的研究由Alloc Init的研究人员Clara Shikhelman、Mikhail Komarov和Aleksei Moskvin共同撰写。该研究提出，无需对共识规则进行更改或实施软分叉，即可在比特币网络中实现类似Zcash的私密转账功能。
什么是Shielded Bitcoin？
根据公开发布的研究内容，Shielded Bitcoin被设计为运行在比特币之上的元协议（metaprotocol），而非依赖独立的区块链或中心化运营商。该系统将价值存储在加密的“票据”（notes）中；当票据被花费时，系统会生成一个公开的标识符——称为“空值化器”（nullifiers），用于标记已花费的票据，同时不泄露交易的来源；此外，系统还利用零知识证明来验证交易的有效性。其核心目标是防止转账金额、发送方、接收方以及交易之间的关联关系被公开可见。
A distinctive feature of the system is that the Bitcoin network itself does not directly verify Shielded Bitcoin's rules. Shielded Bitcoin data can be embedded into Bitcoin transactions through OP_RETURN, witness fields, or other similar data transfer methods. Bitcoin miners and nodes do not check whether the data meets Shielded Bitcoin's validity requirements. Instead, a dedicated Shielded Bitcoin indexer replays transactions by tracking the Bitcoin blockchain and excludes invalid transactions from the protocol state.
In Shielded Bitcoin, the equivalent of Bitcoin's UTXO model is the "bill" structure. When a bill is spent, the exact bill is not clearly displayed. Instead, the system issues a nullizer associated with the zero-knowledge proof. The certificate confirms the following: the bill being spent is valid; the user has the necessary spending rights; the nullizer was generated correctly; and no new bitcoins were created during the transaction. If you reuse a previously used nullator, the system will detect a double payment attempt.
Researchers point out that this architecture eliminates the need for users to trust service providers, coordinators, or independent consensus networks. Simply running a Bitcoin node and a Shielded Bitcoin indexer is enough to verify the operation of the entire system. The private key is always retained in the user's hands. The privacy model of the design is largely inspired by the Zcash shielded pool architecture.
Regarding the connection mechanism between Shielded Bitcoin and the Bitcoin network, the PIPEs mechanism previously developed by researchers is particularly prominent. PIPEs aim to enable funds to be stored in Bitcoin L1's vaults in a cryptographically controlled manner by linking the results of zero-knowledge proof with Bitcoin's existing signature verification mechanism. Komarov believes that the system can therefore operate without the need for soft or hard forks.
However, the currently released work product does not represent an official update to the Bitcoin protocol, nor is it a widely used ready-made product. Although this paper focuses mainly on transfer models within shielded systems, the research also clearly points out that Bitcoin's deposit and withdrawal mechanisms (i.e., peg-in and peg-out structures) are part of a broader system design and are not included in the scope of this study.
