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沙特阿拉伯在完成央行数字货币试验后退出mBridge项目

2026-09-21 12:14:37
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沙特阿拉伯在完成央行数字货币试验后退出 mBridge 项目

沙特阿拉伯在 2025 年 5 月完成其央行数字货币(CBDC)试验后,结束了对 mBridge 项目的参与。mBridge 是一个多边中央银行数字货币平台,旨在利用批发型央行数字货币实现直接的跨境支付和外汇结算。目前,阿联酋继续与中华人民共和国、中国香港特别行政区以及泰国共同保留在该平台中。



试验结束与后续阶段缺席

沙特阿拉伯已正式退出 mBridge 这一涉及多个司法管辖区的多边中央银行数字货币平台。沙特中央银行(SAMA)向媒体表示,其概念验证工作于 2025 年 5 月 13 日 conclude,此后王国方面未参与该平台的后续阶段。值得注意的是,沙特的此次试验是在测试环境中进行的,并未使用真实的金融交易。一位知情人士警告称,不应将此次退出解读为更广泛政治转向的证据。

沙特阿拉伯的参与时间相对较短。SAMA 于 2024 年 6 月正式加入“最小可行产品”(MVP)阶段,旨在评估批发型央行数字货币是否能够改善商业银行之间的跨境支付效率。



mBridge 重构支付链条

mBridge 的设计模式与传统代理行银行业务截然不同。传统的国际支付往往要求商业银行在其他司法管辖区维持关系账户及预付款账户,交易可能经过多家机构中转,从而增加成本、操作复杂性和结算延迟。

相比之下,mBridge 创建了一个名为“mBridge Ledger”的共享区块链网络,允许参与的中央银行和商业银行使用批发型央行数字货币进行点对点跨境支付和外汇交易。该技术已在沙特试验之外的真实资金场景中进行了测试。



同步交收(PvP)为核心功能

该平台并非仅仅是 SWIFT 消息传递系统的区块链替代品。其最重要的功能之一是外汇交易的“同步交收”(Payment-versus-Payment, PvP)。在 PvP 机制下,只有当另一种货币的相应转移也发生时,一种货币的转移才会完成。

这一机制解决了外汇交易中的结算风险问题,即一方交付了其货币但未收到对手方应付货币的风险。根据国际清算银行(BIS)2025 年 4 月的数据,全球市场中仅有略高于 5 万亿美元(占日均外汇结算量的 36%)使用了 PvP,而超过 1.4 万亿美元通过双边全额结算,完全暴露于结算风险之下。

多币种 CBDC 平台可以将符合条件的跨境交易双方置于共同的基础设施上,使结算直接发生,而非协调独立的支付链条。这正是 mBridge 所提出的金融基础设施主张,独立于其周围的地缘政治辩论之外。



为何引发美元地位之争

此类基础设施的政治敏感性源于其未来可能带来的影响。共享的 CBDC 网络可以使参与司法管辖区的银行直接使用各自货币进行结算,从而减少部分交易通过基于美元的代理行渠道的需求。

然而,必须区分这种能力与声称 mBridge 专门用于取代美元的论调。BIS 将其目标描述为提高跨境支付的成本效益、速度、降低操作复杂性并改善接入条件,特别是在代理行关系衰退的背景下。尽管如此,有报道称美国官员担心中国可能利用该项目增加其对国际支付标准的影响力,并建立能够减少对美元基础设施依赖的路径。

沙特阿拉伯在此讨论中占据特殊重要位置,因其与中美两国均保持着重要的经济关系。中国是沙特的重要贸易伙伴,而沙特与美国则保持着深厚的金融和安全关系。此外,沙特里亚尔仍与美元挂钩,因此参与涉及替代结算轨道的实验并不等同于放弃现有的以美元为中心的货币框架。

SAMA's decision proves the end of a CBDC trial, but it is not evidence of Saudi decisions about the U.S. dollar, China or broader future digital currency infrastructure.



Wholesale CBDC is different from consumer digital cash

mBridge is different from other politically controversial CBDC projects. It uses wholesale CBDC designed for transactions between central banks, commercial banks and other qualified financial institutions. Consumers do not hold mBridge currency for retail wallets or daily consumption.

SAMA clearly defined mBridge as a wholesale CBDC system when it joined in 2024, and its research focuses on improving cross-border payments and settlements between commercial banks. This difference explains why central banks can experiment with mBridge without issuing retail digital currencies to the general public.



United Arab Emirates maintains Gulf region connected to mBridge

Saudi Arabia's withdrawal does not exclude the Gulf region from the project. The Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates is one of the four founding monetary authorities alongside China People's Bank of China Digital Currency Institute, Hong Kong Monetary Authority and Thailand Bank. As the project moves towards the minimum viable product phase, each founding authority deploys verification nodes.

BIS itself withdrew after the project reached this stage in October 2024, handing over further development work to participating central banks. Its Current Projects page lists the end of the BIS initiative and documents the handover of the platform to its partners.

As a result, Saudi Arabia's withdrawal has changed mBridge's membership more than its underlying technical propositions. A more useful test for the platform will be whether the remaining participants move from the experimental phase to ongoing real value settlement between commercial banks. For Saudi Arabia, the corresponding question is whether SAMA's next wholesale CBDC trial will use another shared platform or take a different approach to achieve faster cross-border settlements.

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