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Following欧洲央行开启数字欧元试点新阶段，隐私保护架构引发深度质疑
欧洲中央银行（ECB）通过邀请欧元区范围内的电子商务和移动商务商家参与测试，正式开启了数字欧元试点的新阶段。这项为期12个月的试点计划预计将于2027年下半年启动。入选的商家将与欧洲央行、各国中央银行以及参与的支付服务提供商共同测试数字欧元的Beta版本。该测试版本将类似于拟议中的数字欧元，但不具备法定货币地位。
欧洲央行表示，此次演练旨在评估支付功能、运营流程、商户集成情况以及用户体验。然而，技术进展也引发了关于数字欧元能否从设计上提供强大隐私保护的疑问。<
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数字欧元能兑现隐私承诺吗？
欧洲央行反复强调隐私是其核心设计优先事项。其发布的隐私框架指出，欧元区体系将无法直接将在线支付与可识别的个人联系起来。该框架还称，离线支付将提供类似现金的隐私保护，因为交易细节将仅在付款人和收款人之间保留。
欧洲央行的技术文件描述了伪匿名标识符、分离的数据流、加密技术和分布式处理机制。拟议的系统仍将涉及支付服务提供商，这些机构需要保留履行反洗钱（AML）和了解你的客户（KYC）义务所需的信息。
This is the key to Torben Schwark's criticism. In response to the European Central Bank's merchant pilot announcement, Schwark argued that it was not enough to simply declare that programmable currencies were excluded or prevent direct user identification.
Der digitale Euro ist technisch spannend – aber genau deshalb braucht es mehr Transparenz.
Es reicht nicht zu sagen: „Programmierbares Geld ist gesetzlich ausgeschlossen“ oder „Die EZB soll Nutzer nicht direkt identifizieren können“.
Entscheidend ist: Was kann die Technik…
--Torben Schwark| Verwaltung & Digitales (@toscher23) September 15, 2026
His concerns are not limited to what the law currently allows. He asked what the technology might technically achieve in the future, what data it would produce, who would have access to that data, and whether payments might be tracked, blocked or linked to conditions in the future.
This distinction is crucial to the digital euro debate. A system can legislate to prohibit certain uses while retaining technical features to support those uses under future policy or emergency frameworks.
For critics, privacy needs to be enforced through system design, limited data collection, independent oversight, and transparent technical documentation. Legal safeguards remain necessary, but may not be sufficient to build public confidence.
Why Critics Still Worry About Programmability
The European Central Bank and European policymakers have rejected the idea that the digital euro will be a "programmable currency"-the concept that does not allow authorities to dictate where or when people spend their money.
Concerns remain because digital payment systems can technically support restrictions, conditional transfers, expenditure controls and automated rules. These features may have legitimate uses in commercial payments, but if imposed by public authorities, they may raise questions about financial autonomy.
The ECB's position is that the digital euro will become a universal payment method and replenish cash. The European Commission also said cash will continue to be available.
The practical test is whether these commitments are reflected in the structure of the pilot. Can offline payments remain truly private? Can users clearly understand what kind of data parties see? Can the system operate without creating a central record of general consumption?
These questions should be answered before the final release decision, not after the system is widely used.
What the pilot needs to prove
The merchant trial gives the ECB an opportunity to prove that privacy, resilience and usability can coexist. This also gives civil society groups, technology researchers, merchants and users reason to demand more detailed information about system operations.
The digital euro raises a related question from the perspective of public money.
欧洲央行的试点是一个重要的技术里程碑。然而，其成功不应仅以交易速度或商户采用率来衡量。更艰难的考验将是欧洲人能否验证隐私和支付自由是集成在系统中的，而不是留给未来的政治保证。
