The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission establishes a five-year path for tokenization of U.S. stocks: emphasizing substantive rights rather than convenience of trading
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has opened a five-year channel to allow tokenized U.S. stocks to enter the market. The regulation requires that each approved token must carry economic benefits, voting rights, dividend rights and liquidation rights corresponding to its underlying shares.
Core Points
- Principle of Equivalence of Rights: Tokenized National Securities Market (NMS) shares must provide their holders with exactly the same rights and privileges as traditional shares.
- Exclusion of synthetic products: Synthetic products that only provide price exposure (i.e., only track stock price ups and downs) do not qualify for the SEC exemption.
- Bitget Wallet COO's opinion: Alvin Kan points out that legal ownership is more important to investors than 24-hour trading.
- Regulatory uncertainty: Although the exemption order provides room for institutions to pilot, it is only valid for five years, contains symbol and transaction volume limits, and can be modified at any time, and does not provide long-term legal certainty.
Legal rights over transaction form
Bitget Wallet COO Alvin Kan stressed in an interview that legal rights attached to stock tokens are more decisive to investors than their trading time, settlement speed or country of issue.
“追踪股票价格的代币并不等同于拥有该股票本身。将两者都放在区块链上,并不能抹去这一本质区别。”Kan表示。根据SEC的豁免条款,代币化的全国证券市场股票必须授予持有者与匹配的传统股份相同的权利和特权。Kan指出,这些保护性权益包括对公司的经济利益、分红、投票权以及在清算过程中的权利。
此外,如果无关第三方试图将其股份代币化,发行人有权提出异议,这赋予上市企业在基于区块链的市场中对其证券呈现方式一定的控制权。
区分投资标的:从价格追踪到真实权益
Kan建议投资者不应简单地将市场划分为美国本土产品和离岸产品,而应审视每种代币在法律上代表什么。两种产品可能追踪同一家上市公司,但其持有人享有的权利主张却截然不同:
- 合规结构下的直接权益: 某些代币可能通过受监管的结构,代表对股份的直接或间接受益权益。
- 合同式合成暴露: 另一些代币可能仅作为与中介方的合约,承诺跟随股价表现,但购买者并非公司股东。
这种差异决定了持有人是否能收到分红、是否有权对公司事务进行投票,或在发行人清算时是否拥有资产追索权。当投资者的索赔依赖于平台、托管方或特殊目的实体(SPV)时,还可能引入交易对手风险。
9月11日的一项审查发现,代币化所有权结构的产品可以代表直接股份、托管索赔或合成合约。即使代币在区块链地址间自由转移,公司法、证券法及承销商限制仍可能对转让构成约束。
行业标杆:Coinbase的实践与局限
9月14日,Coinbase首席执行官Brian Armstrong也做出了类似区分,他指出交易所的股票代币使用的是真实证券,而非合成资产或债务工具。据报道,Coinbase通过一家离岸特殊目的公司和一家受监管的美国券商持有底层股份。验证后的持有者可申请赎回底层股份,股息收入通常在扣除税费后重新投资。然而,Coinbase的产品目前不向美国个人开放,也未根据美国《证券法》注册。
代币化的潜在优势与现实挑战
对于符合条件的用户,Kan指出了自我托管、碎片化所有权、连续交易以及近乎即时结算等潜在好处。SEC也将这些特征列为将证券移至区块链系统的潜在收益。
- 打破交易限制: 全天候交易代币化股票可减少常规交易所时间的限制。
- 降低门槛: 碎片化单位使投资者能够购买高价股份的较小份额。
- 加速结算: 区块链结算可能缩短交易完成与所有权最终转移之间的时间。
然而,Kan警告称,仅靠代币化并不能创造出更好的投资产品。如果一个系统虽然使用区块链记录,但仍保留严格的权限控制、流动性薄弱,并在投资者与底层股份之间存在多个中介环节,“那么区块链可能主要只是实现了后端现代化,而未从根本上改变前端体验。”
对于投资者而言,实际的考验在于该结构是否减少了结算、账目核对和产品分发的工作量。如果在不移除这些成本的情况下将股票记录移至区块链,改变的仅是支持市场的技术,而客户体验将大体保持不变。
监管框架:临时豁免与立法进程
所有权记录问题也是当前讨论的一部分。9月1日,SEC提议更新联邦过户代理规则和表格,这些规则自20世纪70年代末和80年代初以来未进行过实质性修订。近期报告指出,根据该提案,过户代理可以使用分布式账本系统作为官方记录。但这并不意味着所有与股票挂钩的代币都会自动成为法定股份,也不意味着其持有者自动获得股东权利。
为机构提供测试空间
For banks, brokers, trading venues and blockchain providers, Kan described the exemption as "operational clarity" rather than permanent legal certainty. The order, which expires five years after its issuance, contains trading symbols and trading volume limits, and can still be revised at any time, and is intended to provide information for the SEC's future rulemaking.
Kan said these provisions provide enough regulatory space for agencies to develop pilot projects, connect existing systems and test modular infrastructure. But for companies that invest capital over the long term, there are still significant differences between temporary exemptions and requirements in final agency rules or federal law.
The division of roles between Congress and the SEC
This distinction is critical to U.S. investors as the SEC is using its jurisdiction over securities already covered by the Exchange Act. Regulators do not have to wait for Congress to resolve all disputes over the classification of cryptocurrency assets to test blockchain systems against tools that are already considered securities.
Kan points out that this approach separates statutory reforms from institution-led changes in market structures. Congress could enact laws covering the processing of digital assets in multiple markets, and the SEC could act within its existing securities authority.
Regulatory action amid legislative deadlock
此次豁免令出台两天前,参议院在9月15日的程序性投票中未能推进《数字资产市场明晰法案》(CLARITY Act)。该法案旨在建立数字资产的联邦市场结构,并划分SEC与商品期货交易委员会(CFTC)的监管职责。尽管该法案未能通过,但并未剥夺SEC对已被归类为证券的产品的管辖权。
参议院以50票对49票的结果,使该法案距离 invoke cloture(终结辩论)所需的60票还差10票。通过此动议并不会直接通过立法,仅允许参议员开始考虑众议院通过的措施及可能的修正案。所有参与的民主党人均反对终结辩论,共和党参议员Susan Collins、Josh Hawley、Jerry Moran和Thom Tillis也投了反对票,其中Tillis因程序原因更改了投票,以保留要求重新审议的选择权。

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