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加密借贷详解:新手被动收入指南

2026-09-29 16:24:12
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Crypto Lending: A Guide to Passive Income

Lending cryptocurrency to earn interest is one of the mature ways to earn passive income in the crypto space. However, the terms involved are often confusing, so it is worth clarifying the concept first. True peer-to-peer (P2P) lending means that the lender's funds are directly matched to the borrower's loan. However, most protocols that currently dominate the crypto lending market, such as Aave and Compound, operate differently. Deposits enter the shared liquidity pool, from which any borrower can withdraw funds, and the interest rate is set by the algorithm based on the overall supply and demand relationship, rather than based on individual matches between the two. Although both methods allow idle cryptocurrencies to generate interest, the mechanisms and risks are not exactly the same, so this guide will accurately cover both rather than treating them as interchangeable concepts.

How decentralized finance (DeFi) pooled lending works

Pooled lending completely excludes bank intervention. Unlike banks that take deposits and lend to preserve most of the spread, agreements like Aave or Compound allow anyone to deposit cryptocurrency directly into a shared pool and allow others to borrow from the same pool by providing collateral. Typically, the value of the collateral is higher than the loan itself to protect against the risk of price fluctuations.

对于出借人而言,流程非常简单。在检查平台的历史记录、锁定总价值(TVL)以及过去是否发生过漏洞或亏损后,选择一家平台,将加密货币存入池中,并开始赚取随着池子利用率变化而自动调整的利息。只要池中有足够的可用流动性,通常可以随时提取资金,尽管极高的利用率偶尔会限制这一操作。

借款则相反。由于加密货币价格波动剧烈,通常需要抵押远高于贷款价值的加密货币资产,且无需信用检查即可借款,因为抵押品本身就是贷款的担保。如果抵押品的价值跌至接近贷款价值的水平,头寸将被自动清算以保护池子的安全。这是借款人需要主动管理的真实风险,而不是在后台被动发生的事件。

2026年的主要平台

Aave 仍然是 DeFi 中最大的借贷协议之一,目前在以太坊及多条其他链上运行,而不再局限于以太坊。其突出功能仍是闪电贷(flash loan),即完全无抵押借款,但前提是必须在单笔交易内借入并偿还。这是一种小众但确实有用的工具,用于套利和快速的链上交易策略。

CompoundFollowing a similar principle, interest rates are adjusted algorithmically based on the ratio of borrowing to supply of a specific asset. Its governance token holders vote on agreement changes, including what assets the platform supports and how to structure the fee structure.

Sky(formerly known as MakerDAO, renamed in 2024) remains the supporting force behind DAI stablecoin and now also issues a second closely related stablecoin, USDS. Locking in cryptocurrencies as collateral to generate these stablecoins remains a core function of the platform, with lenders receiving benefits through what the agreement calls a "stability fee." MKR token holders (after being renamed SKY Governance Tokens) vote on which assets can be used as collateral and how the system evolves.

dYdX is the platform that has changed the most since the last report. It is no longer built on Ethereum. The agreement was migrated to an independent sovereign blockchain on the Cosmos network at the end of 2023. By 2026, its business scope will go far beyond the original perpetual contract transactions and expand to the spot market and forecast market. It is still a platform that can use cryptocurrency as collateral to borrow money and trade with leverage, or provide funds to earn income, but its underlying infrastructure is fundamentally different from the infrastructure that was run a few years ago.

What's happening to platforms that promise to be closer to traditional P2P lending

几个将自己定位为提供更具传统银行结构加密借贷的中心化平台在2022年崩溃,这仍然是行业中最引人注目的警示故事之一。Celsius Network、BlockFi 和 Voyager Digital 这三家最大的中心化加密借贷巨头相继在几个月内申请破产,随后 lending desk Genesis 也在2023年初倒下。这些平台的客户资金被冻结了很长一段时间,受影响用户的恢复过程在某些情况下持续数年,结果因平台和司法管辖区而异。

这次崩溃的教训直接适用于今天考虑加密借贷的任何人士。那些承诺固定、类银行回报,但对 deposited 资金实际使用方式和再借贷方式透明度有限的平台,存在真实的结构性风险,这种风险仅凭营销宣传往往难以察觉。上述 DeFi 协议,特别是 Aave、Compound 和 Sky,拥有完全链上、公开可审计的机制,这与中心化平台不透明的后台借贷业务有着截然不同的风险特征,尽管它们也并非没有风险,如下文所述。

需要权衡的风险与挑战

智能合约风险处于 DeFi 借贷的核心位置。即使一个经过多次审计的协议也可能存在可利用的缺陷,成功的攻击可以直接清空一个池子。无论协议多么成熟,这都是任何链上借贷协议固有的风险。

清算风险主要落在借款人身上,但它会影响整个池子的稳定性。抵押品价值的急剧快速下跌可能会触发不利价格的清算,如果清算速度跟不上价格变动的速度,池子本身可能会背负坏账。

平台和治理风险对于去中心化协议来说仍然重要,因为一项考虑不周的治理投票,或者投票权集中在少数大持有者手中的投票,可能会以影响所有使用者的方式改变协议的风险参数。在高压力时期,流动性不足也可能出现,当池子资产的大部分被借出时,想要立即提取资金的出借人可能面临可用的流动性不足的问题。

监管待遇因国家而异,与传统银行存款不同,DeFi 借贷协议中的资金没有任何政府支持的保险。无论池子发生什么情况——无论是通过智能合约漏洞、坏账事件还是流动性危机——该风险完全由提供资金的人承担。

谨慎起步

将存款分散到多个平台和多种资产中,可以限制单个漏洞或坏账事件对整体投资组合造成的损害。阅读协议的实际风险参数、抵押比率、支持的资产以及任何过去的事故历史,比表面化的营销更为重要,这些信息通常可直接从平台自己的文档或治理论坛中获得。

在启用任何自动或复利功能之前,值得充分理解它们,因为它们可能会以乍一看并不明显的方式改变风险敞口。鉴于平台和更广泛的监管环境都在迅速变化,保持对这些方面的最新了解至关重要。

常见问题解答 (FAQs)

Aave 实际上是点对点借贷吗?

严格来说不是。Aave 使用 pooled 流动性模型,存款进入共享池,任何借款人都可以从中提取,利率由算法设定,而不是将特定的出借人与特定的借款人直接匹配。它是去中心化和非托管的,但在传统意义上并非点对点匹配。

Celsius、BlockFi 和 Voyager 到底发生了什么?

这三家都是中心化加密借贷平台,在2022年申请破产,原因是冒险的借贷实践、对失败交易对手的暴露以及更广泛的加密市场低迷,导致它们无法满足客户的提款需求。受影响客户的恢复过程持续了数年,并根据所涉及的平台和司法管辖区产生了不同的结果。

DeFi 借贷比2022年崩溃的中心化平台更安全吗?

这是一种不同类型的风险,而不是严格意义上的更安全。DeFi 协议在链上透明运作,消除了像 Celsius 等平台那样难以提前发现问题的不透明性,但 DeFi 引入了其自身的风险,特别是智能合约漏洞,这是中心化平台以不同形式所不具备的。这两类平台都不是没有风险的。

为什么 MakerDAO 更名为 Sky?

MakerDAO 于2024年8月更名为 Sky,作为其“终局”(Endgame)改革的一部分,旨在简化其生态系统,引入 USDS 稳定币,并将其 MKR 治理代币按1:24,000的比例升级为 SKY。虽然品牌和代币名称得到了现代化更新,但其核心功能——针对锁定的加密抵押品生成去中心化稳定币——从根本上保持不变。

加密借贷提供任何类似于银行存款保险的保护吗?

不。无论是中心化还是去中心化加密借贷平台,都不具备与传统银行账户相当的政府支持存款保险。无论通过 DeFi 协议还是中心化平台借出的任何资金,都暴露于平台自身的风险之下,没有等效的安全网。

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