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ETH The next upgrade to Ethereum will be the last transformation of the version that people were familiar with in 2015
Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin wrote in an article released on Saturday that the next upgrade to Ethereum will no longer be what anyone knew in 2015.
He mentioned that the "Hegota" fork planned for next year may be the last "regular" fork for Ethereum. After that, Ethereum will enter a new phase involving recursive STARKs, automated formal verification, highly optimized consensus mechanisms, and an architecture that makes the entire network resistant to quantum computing.
From blockchain to a "hybrid construct"
Butrin described Ethereum in the Post-Lean era as "a blockchain that exists largely for historical reasons." He pointed out that in fact, this is a "hybrid construct" that combines Satoshi Nakamoto's ideas with cryptographic technologies developed over 50 years of academic accumulation-technologies that did not even exist in 2009.
He tweeted that this new architecture will "give the network powerful attributes far beyond traditional blockchain itself."
Fundamental changes to three core attributes
Ethereum is completely replacing its three core attributes:
- Verification mechanism: From downloading and re-executing each block to data sampling through PeerDAS and checking SNARK certification.
- Consensus mechanism: Switch to a "better optimized" proof of stake model.
- Block construction: has changed from a single miner deciding content to a collaborative construction of multiple parties.
Performance improvements and privacy enhancements
These changes will bring significant performance improvements: the final confirmation time will be shortened from the current approximately 200 seconds to 8 to 32 seconds; the block slot time will be reduced to 4 to 8 seconds; and the hardware resources required to run nodes will also be significantly reduced.
In terms of anti-censorship, the FOCIL program will play a role. The plan requires each member of the verifier committee to publish a list of pending transactions that must be included in the next block and enforce them through fork selection rules. Any blocks that miss these transactions will be ignored. Butrin described the result as "ensuring real-time trading inclusion."
Privacy protection will be implemented in a progressive manner. General purpose computing is still expensive and only partially private, while dedicated applications will gain "very strong privacy protection" through zero-knowledge proof and private account abstraction. In addition, onion routing and hybrid currency networks will cover the network layer, and the Ethereum Foundation has launched a dedicated privacy cluster since October last year to support this work.
Developer Experience and Decentralized Costs
Developers will feel the change in gas costs. Buttin pointed out that if all calculations were crammed into a non-resolvable serial execution transaction, the cost would be higher, but if it was split into dependencies that could be parallelized or stripped before the transaction reached the block, the cost would be lower.
布特林认为，去中心化不再仅仅是一种成本负担。它使得数据可以并行存储，计算可以在内存池内部并行发生，并且元数据可以被以集中式系统无法管理的方式隐藏。
解决过去的难题
他说，这是2010年代中期以来的梦想，当时之所以失败，原因在于无法验证拆分后的工作是否正确完成。随机抽样委员会不仅“设置复杂且昂贵”，还增加了延迟，并且在委员会失效时“没有任何补救措施”。现代密码学解决了这一问题，其开销正逐月降低。
长远愿景与近期挑战
更远期的目标是不可区分混淆（Indistinguishability Obfuscation），布特林将其称为“圣杯”，因为它将彻底消除隐私与通用性之间的权衡。但他明确表示，本文的所有结论都不依赖于该技术，并且“本文中的所有结论在那种技术可用之前很久就会适用。”
相比之下，近期的挑战更为务实。使零知识证明既快速又安全是一个“封装复杂性”的问题，目前正在利用AI工具进行优化。管理和并行访问海量状态仍然“更加困难且具有系统性复杂性”。
通往未来的路线图
这篇文章可以看作是以太坊基金会发布的《蓝图》（Strawmap）的通俗解读版。《蓝图》是以太坊到2029年的七个分叉草案时间表，布特林在贾斯汀·德雷克（Justin Drake）今年二月发布该文件时称其为“一份非常重要的文档”。如果说《蓝图》按分叉列出了依赖关系，那么布特林的这篇文章则指向了终极目标：区块槽位时间从12秒降至2秒，最终确认时间从约16分钟降至个位数，整个网络将在布特林所称的“忒修斯之船”式的重建中被逐个组件替换。
