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FollowingParallel Execution Engine Block-STM: Consensus on the Path to High Performance in Blockchain
Sequential transaction execution has long been one of the most stubborn performance bottlenecks in blockchain technology. Scale expansion cannot be achieved by executing transactions in blocks one by one step. Long-time-consuming transactions can block the advancement of all subsequent transactions, resulting in soaring delays and sharp drops in throughput under high loads.
Every public chain pursuing high performance faces a core problem: how to solve this performance bottleneck without maintaining the "deterministic guarantee" necessary for the blockchain trust foundation is not destroyed?
Two paths, one wins out
The first solution requires developers to pre-declare all storage locations they may touch before a transaction is submitted. The scheduler runs non-overlapping transactions accordingly for parallel processing. However, such declared access lists are often too conservative and limit workloads that could otherwise safely run in parallel.
Aptos takes a different technical path. Aptos uses a Block-STM engine to execute blocks. This is a multithreaded, memory-based execution engine that combines software transactional memory (STM) with a cooperative scheduler. The engine uses consensus ordering as a serial baseline, executes transactions in parallel, and reexecutes only those transactions aborted due to conflicts.
The key is that developers do not have to declare access lists. They only need to write standard Move language code, and the engine will automatically identify and parallelize transaction logic that does not conflict.
Block-STM is a parallel execution engine specifically designed for smart contracts. Its core is based on the principles of software transactional memory. Transactions are packaged in blocks, and each execution of a block must produce the same deterministic result. Block-STM ensures that execution results are consistent with the results of serial execution of transactions in a predetermined order, and uses this order to dynamically detect dependencies to avoid conflicts during speculative transaction execution.
Other public chains have followed suit
The entire industry has noticed the value of this technology. Block-STM was originally built by Aptos Labs and has now become an industry-standard engine for dynamic parallel execution. Many public chains such as Polygon, Sei, and Starknet have adopted or learned from this plan.
Polygon PoS chain has launched a Block-STM execution mechanism on the main network. Under this architecture, the proposer utilizes Block-STM to execute transactions in parallel and includes a directed acyclic graph (DAG) in the block to ensure that verification nodes can perform deterministic and secure parallel execution.
Sei Giga also uses Block-STM technology.
In the Ethereum Layer 2 field, StarkWare engineers led the implementation of a variant of Block-STM for Starknet v0.13.2.
The value of parallelism far exceeds the Aptos ecosystem itself. For example, Sei Network implements a solution based on the Block-STM design concept to improve concurrent execution performance. The adoption of Polygon has yielded tangible results: According to the Aptos Foundation, the deployment of Block-STM on Polygon PoS is one of the main reasons, allowing the chain to process more than 15 million transactions per day without interruption.
Block-TPM has been widely spread across competitive ecosystems, marking the direction of blockchain infrastructure development. Originally used as an execution engine internally by Aptos, Block-STM has become essentially the standard design paradigm referenced by any public chain dedicated to throughput improvement.
