核心要点
七家银行加入了共享代币化存款基础设施。英镑资金完成了两笔再抵押贷款交易。市场支付环节已实现,但商品仅为模拟状态。存款始终保持为受监管的商业银行货币。计划于2027年推出三笔数字债券。
交易记录详情
在预设条件满足后,两笔再抵押贷款和一宗市场支付在英国银行间完成,使用的是通过共享区块链基础设施连接的普通客户存款。这些交易是通过“大英代币化存款倡议”(GBTD)完成的。参与该项目的银行包括巴克莱银行、汇丰英国、劳埃德银行集团、Monzo、国民威斯敏斯特银行(Nationwide)、国民西敏寺银行(NatWest)和桑坦德银行,尽管具体的单笔交易由较小的银行群组执行。
- 转移资金: 实时客户英镑
- 已完成用途: 两笔再抵押贷款及一笔市场支付
- 房产交易: 真实进行
- 市场商品: 模拟交易;无实物交割
- 交易金额: 未披露
- 公众可用性: 仍处于试点阶段,非客户服务
存款始终属于银行货币
代币化存款是商业银行对客户所欠债务的数字表现形式。代币化改变了支付的记录和指令方式,但并未将基础存款转化为自由流通的加密货币。在整个交易过程中,客户的资金一直保留在受监管的银行体系内。GBTD平台控制资金的移动时机,而基础资金继续代表对参与银行的债权。这与公共稳定币不同,后者通常基于单独的储备和赎回安排发行,持有人的权利取决于发行人和产品法律结构。相反,代币化存款始于现有的银行账户,旨在保留与商业银行货币相关的法律和监管待遇。UK Finance将该模式描述为一种赋予传统存款可编程功能的方法,同时保持与银行货币相关的安全性和信任度。
两种用途解决了不同的支付问题
再抵押贷款:在交割时释放资金
Barclays Bank, Lloyd's Bank and National Westminster Bank entered into two re-mortgage transactions. The required amount is reserved in the customer's account and released after the platform receives confirmation that the completion conditions have been met. The announcement does not specify the party or system that provided the confirmation. This detail is crucial in commercial services because the payment code can only act on the information it receives; it cannot independently determine whether a legal property transaction has been completed. Keeping funds in customer accounts before release may eliminate the need to transfer them to a separate escrow account in advance. UK Finance said the design would also allow customers to continue to earn interest until delivery, although it did not disclose whether interest or specific amounts were earned in these specific transactions. The pilot also considers future digital connectivity with the HM Land Registry. This integration reduces manual coordination, but is just an exploration rather than a demonstration in publicly available systems.
Market payments: reserve funds before exchange
Three banks, including HSBC UK, participated in a customer-to-customer payment model that simulated market purchases. The buyer's funds are reserved for transactions and released to the seller after confirming the agreed exchange terms. Real pounds are transferred between accounts, but no physical goods are delivered. The exchange was simulated and was designed to test whether bank deposits could carry payment conditions similar to custody arrangements. The unresolved issue is how to establish in future services that items have been delivered in accordance with agreed terms. Buyer confirmation, express delivery data or market records can all be triggers, but banks have not disclosed which model they will use. Production services also require rules for damaged products, false delivery claims, and disputed transactions after funds are released. Programmability can enforce instructions; but it cannot determine whether a potential business dispute is legal.
Deposits of one bank cannot simply become liabilities of another bank
在一行内部创建数字代表相对直接,但将其移动到另一家机构则较为困难,因为每笔存款都是持有客户资金的那家银行的负债。巴克莱的客户余额是巴克莱欠该客户的钱。如果客户向汇丰的某人付款,系统必须协调面向客户的转账以及两家银行之间产生的义务。共享的GBTD平台由Quant开发,旨在连接参与机构,而不是用单一公共区块链替换其核心银行系统。Quant此前表示,其基础设施可以在银行分类账、快速支付系统、实时全额结算系统、开放银行和代币化存款平台之间工作。这一共同层允许不同银行应用相同的条件支付逻辑,同时保留各自的账户和内部系统。这种互操作性——而不仅仅是将英镑表示为代币——是该项目的中心成就。
三笔交易并未构成国家支付网络
测试证明了该机制可以处理真实的客户资金。但它们并未确立该机制是否能在英国现有支付基础设施的规模上以可承受的成本可靠运行。几个操作问题仍未得到解答:
- 哪家机构将运营和监督生产网络?
- 条件支付何时具有法律终局性?
- 当外部确认错误时,谁负责?
- 如何撤销错误支付和客户争议?
- 平台或银行中断时将适用什么备用流程?
- 在国家支付量下系统表现如何?
- 银行或客户使用它将支付多少费用?
银行尚未宣布客户何时可以通过其常规银行应用程序访问该服务。尽管如此,英国的进展已超过加拿大六大银行代币化存款倡议中描述的 DEVELOPMENT WORK。加拿大机构宣布了他们打算探索的银行间模型,而英国联盟已经处理了真实的客户支付。
三笔数字债券将测试机构案例
下一阶段预计将把代币化存款与数字资产连接起来。参与银行计划发行可通过更广泛的基础设施进行交易和结算的数字债务工具,债券票息使用代币化的银行货币支付。UK Finance表示,该项目将检查“货银对付”(DvP)及储备结算。目的是协调资产和现金腿,使买家在不收到证券的情况下不发送资金,卖家在不收到付款的情况下不交出证券。据路透社报道,参与银行计划在2027年第一季度测试三笔数字债券。该项目还计划成立一家运营公司,并制定迈向生产所需的规则和治理框架。
零售交易表明软件可以协调跨不同银行的实时支付。债券测试将提出一个更具挑战性的问题:同一基础设施能否在不使交易任何一方暴露风险的情况下交换资金和受监管资产。因此,技术互操作性不再是唯一的障碍。一个具有商业价值的网络将取决于银行是否能就以下情况下的权限达成一致:支付条件存在争议、系统输入错误或一方参与者无法完成其交易部分。
本文仅供参考,不构成财务或法律建议。

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