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BTC U.S. Treasury Department's explanation on the flow of cryptocurrency funds
On October 2, the U.S. Treasury Department imposed sanctions on two France-based charities and three individuals on the grounds of allegedly providing funds to Hamas. According to the U.S. Treasury Department, two French donors transferred hundreds of thousands of dollars in cryptocurrency to a Hamas commander in the Gaza Strip. The network is accused of raising more than $2 million in funding for Hamas between 2020 and 2026.
Currently, U.S. crypto asset companies must freeze assets related to sanctioned parties and report to relevant authorities within 10 working days. In addition, foreign financial institutions that knowingly assist in the operation of the network may face the risk of second-level sanctions.
Details and Background of Sanctions
The U.S. Treasury Department announced sanctions against two French charities and three related personnel, accusing them of assisting in the transfer of cryptocurrency and other funds to Hamas. The Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) added these entities and individuals to the sanctions list on October 2. The move expands the scope of sanctions that U.S. crypto exchanges and payment companies need to screen.
Charities included "Association Baraka" and "Ensemble C Mieux". The three sanctioned individuals are Faouzi Barika, Amel Oualid and Saleem Abdallah Saleem al-Zaq.
Fund flow path
美国财政部指控，居住在法国的Barika和Oualid将价值数十万美元的加密货币转移给了al-Zaq。该机构将al-Zaq描述为哈马斯军事部门中驻扎在加沙地带的副营长。
根据美国财政部的说法，这两名募捐者及其关联团体在2020年至2026年间为哈马斯筹集了超过200万美元。但机构并未明确表示这200万美元全部通过数字资产形式转移。官方将该广泛的筹款总额与涉及Barika和Oualid的加密货币转账记录区分开来。
美国当局正在追踪数字资产转账、银行转账以及现金流动，作为切断哈马斯资金来源行动的一部分。新的指定措施使受制裁方受到现有OFAC规则的约束，即禁止持有由美国人拥有的财产或在美国司法管辖范围内流动的财产。
加密企业当前的合规要求
美国的交易所、托管机构和支付处理商必须在掌握受指定方拥有权益的财产时予以冻结，除非获得OFAC的许可证或豁免。该规则同样适用于由一个或多个被冻结人员直接或间接拥有50%或以上的公司。这意味着合规团队可能需要超越财政部公布的五个名字进行更广泛的审查。
根据OFAC的规定，数字资产在制裁规则下被视为与普通货币及其他财产同等对待。受美国监管的加密公司在发现属于被冻结人员的资产时，必须拒绝访问这些资产，并在10个工作日内向OFAC报告该财产情况。此外，每年还需重复报告被冻结的资产状况。
企业无需将被冻结的加密货币兑换为美元。托管机构可以保持资产的原有形式，同时阻止受制裁方使用或转移这些资产。
国际影响与执法力度
此次制裁的影响可能超出美国国界。美国财政部警告称，如果外国金融机构明知故犯地处理受指定方的主要交易，可能会面临二级制裁。需要注意的是，这一警告并不意味着冻结全球所有与该网络相关的区块链交易。执法力度取决于司法管辖区、所有权结构、是否涉及被冻结财产，以及在某些情况下对交易知情程度的判定。
目前，加密行业正密切关注美国当局是否会公布更多与该网络相关的钱包地址、中介或实体信息。任何新的披露都可能扩大筛查工作范围，并促使交易所审查过去与该涉嫌筹款活动相关的暴露风险。
