Kalshi再陷刷量争议:交易量与未平仓合约比例悬殊,交易所予以否认
Kalshi近期再次面临“刷量交易”(Wash-trading)的新指控。交易者Beni指出,Kalshi的ETH永续合约在24小时内的交易量高达约5.386亿美元,而未平仓合约仅为约310万美元,两者比例极不协调。对此,Kalshi负责加密业务的负责人驳斥了这些说法,并强调预测市场与永续合约之间存在本质区别。
根据Kalshi于9月提交的备案文件显示,在经过适用的回扣调整后,其加密永续合约的主动方(Taker)费率降至0.3个基点。同一计划向做市商(Maker)提供回扣,使符合条件的参与者从加密永续合约交易中净获得0.3个基点的收益。该计划明确排除涉嫌刷量、自成交及预先安排的交易,此类交易无法获得回扣。
在质询过程中,Beni引用了上述数据,称ETH永续合约交易量与未平仓合约的比例约为174倍。他援引了Kalshi的头寸排行榜截图,声称当时最大头寸仅为17,598美元。由于交易数据实时变动,Beni截图中的数据无法从其当前公开页面独立重建。截至9月21日,美国商品期货交易委员会(CFTC)尚未对Kalshi在加密永续合约市场的刷量行为采取执法行动,监管机构的案件索引中也没有与此ETH-PERP指控相符的公开案例。
返利机制引发 scrutiny,但无证据表明刷量获利
Beni的论点另一部分聚焦于Kalshi的临时永续合约费用返利计划,该计划可通过交易所的官方监管备案进行核查。Kalshi于9月2日向CFTC提交了最新的项目更新,并于9月16日获得认证。Kalshi表示,该计划适用于其所有永续合约市场,包括加密货币和金属合约,除非提前修改或终止,否则将持续至12月31日。
对于加密货币永续合约,符合条件的主动方手续费被返还至0.3个基点(即0.003%)。符合条件的做市商获得的回扣使其净支付额也为0.3个基点。条款将合格参与者定义为所有Kalshi自我清算会员。Beni引用正向做市商回扣和降低的主动方收费,认为匹配交易可能面临极低或零的综合成本。
Kalshi的文件直接回应了这一结构:当重叠的激励计划导致单笔交易的综合做市商和主动方费用为负时,必须减少付款。更重要的是,针对刷量指控,同一文件规定,因自成交、刷量交易、预先安排交易或其他滥用行为而产生的交易费用,不符合回扣资格。Kalshi表示,首席合规官在必要时可撤销参与者的项目资格并启动纪律处分程序。因此,备案确认了Beni讨论的回扣率,但并未证明刷量交易获得了回扣。
交易所澄清:预测市场与永续合约概念被混淆
Kalshi加密业务负责人IcoBeast在9月20日的X平台回复中反驳了Beni的观点,称两者被混为一谈。IcoBeast指出,Beni最初引用的Artemis图表显示的是预测市场份额,而非永续合约份额。他强调,Kalshi不对加密预测市场实施所引用的返利计划,永续合约激励是一个独立的项目。
Kalshi自身的文档证实了这种产品区分。其当前的《交易术语表》将预测市场交易量定义为特定时期内交易的合约数量;而永续合约则是涉及保证金、杠杆、资金费且无固定到期日的独立产品。Beni曾单独指控Kalshi界面将预测市场合约数量旁标注美元符号,可能导致合约计数被误读为交易金额。虽然术语表确认定义是合约数量,但Beni截图中描述的历史界面展示方式未经独立验证。IcoBeast坚持认为,这是预测平台常见的惯例,“我知道这些都是真实的。”
Kalshi的ETH永续合约市场自6月开始运营。此前报道指出,在受监管的比特币永续合约在美国开始交易后不久,交易所推出了以太坊永续合约。随后,Kalshi扩展至比特币和17种山寨币永续产品。相关报道提及,Kalshi曾宣布在首批两周内永续合约交易量超过55亿美元,但该数据早于本次争议。
CFTC指引明确警告刷量风险
在本次争议发生前一个多月,CFTC已发布关于交易所激励计划的详细指引。其在8月12日发布的市场监管部员工咨询意见中指出,设计合理的激励计划可以支持流动性和价格发现,但如果控制措施不足,某些设计可能会鼓励不当活动。尽管该咨询意见主要讨论预测市场计划,但其指出的核心原则要求适用于在指定合约市场交易的其他衍生品。
CFTC员工特别警告,极高的交易量阈值会增加刷量和预先安排交易的风险。它指出,通过回扣保证净利润或弥补亏损的市场 maker 安排可能会鼓励人为策略。该咨询意见并未指责Kalshi从事此类行为,而是指示交易所进行实时监控、建立特定于项目的控制措施,并使用能够发现可疑刷量或虚假交易模式的监控手段。
Kalshi的9月2日备案文件回应了其中几个方面。公司告知CFTC,已审查潜在的操纵风险,将对参与的自我清算会员进行重点关注监控,并将可疑交易排除在回扣之外。交易所表示,该项目是公开的,并以非歧视性条款提供给合格会员。IcoBeast反驳了Beni关于Kalshi挑选受益会员的说法。CFTC指引规定,指定合约市场必须提供公正、透明和非歧视性的准入,同时参与者仍需满足适用的财务和运营要求。
Regulators reminded exchanges in February this year that laundering, pre-arranged transactions and non-competitive transactions may violate the Commodity Exchange Law, and designated contract markets as having independent responsibilities to maintain audit trails, monitor and enforce trading rules.
Market maker rebates are not unique to Kalshi, and the Jump relationship does not constitute evidence of brushing.
IcoBeast compared Kalshi's incentives with plans in other derivatives trading. Public documents confirm that market maker rebates are not unique to the company. For example, Hyperliquid's current rate schedule provides market maker rebates to traders who meet specified trading volume thresholds;Binance's Liquidity Hub also releases market maker programs for the spot and futures markets, and its U.S. dollar margin futures program lists negative market maker fees at qualifying levels, meaning that eligible liquidity providers receive rebates.
Kalshi previously announced a multi-year agreement with Nasdaq Market Surveillance. According to its Aug. 10 company announcement, the system will cover event contracts and perpetual contracts and provide cross-market monitoring designed to identify manipulation, insider trading and other abuses. This represents the monitoring setup described by Kalshi, rather than an independent audit of the ETH-PERP transactions that Beni questioned.
Beni also extended his argument to Jump Trading, pointing to a previously reported business relationship between the trading company and Kalshi. A Bloomberg report in February this year quoted people familiar with the matter as saying that Jump would receive a small stake in Kalshi to provide liquidity. Other public records show that Jump provided liquidity for Kalshi's first customized forecast market block transactions. However, none of the official filings or law enforcement records reviewed in this report attributed Jump to the ETH-PERP transaction volume questioned by Beni, and the commercial relationships reported do not in themselves establish the existence of swiping transactions.
Late in the controversy, Beni said he received new non-public information and planned to delay publishing another Kalshi post for about 24 to 48 hours after consulting lawyers. He said he planned to provide updates after identifying releasable information; but at the time of writing, there was no regulatory filing or independently verifiable evidence to support this new proposition.

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