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欧洲央行希望将稳定币收益禁令扩展至加密借贷和质押领域

2026-09-23 00:28:26
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欧洲央行及成员国央行呼吁:将MiCA稳定币收益禁令扩展至借贷、质押等间接回报场景

欧洲中央银行(ECB)及欧盟各成员国的国家中央银行联合呼吁,应将《加密资产市场法规》(MiCA)中关于禁止稳定币支付报酬的规定,扩展至涵盖借贷、借款、质押及其他可为代币持有者产生间接回报的安排。

核心观点摘要

  • 得到欧洲央行支持的各国央行主张,将MiCA规定的稳定币收益禁令延伸至借贷、借款和质押产品。
  • 欧洲中央银行体系(ESCB)指出,现有监管限制可能被规避,平台可能通过其他安排使稳定币转化为具有收益属性的工具。
  • 央行提议以基于1至5天流动性的储备规则,取代MiCA中现有的最低银行存款要求。

为何需要扩大监管范围?

根据欧洲中央银行体系的声明,现有的监管限制不应仅局限于《加密资产市场法规》框架下已规范的服务。因为加密平台可以构建处于MiCA管辖范围之外的产品,从而有效地将稳定币持仓转化为具有收益属性的安排。

欧洲中央银行体系在其针对欧盟委员会关于审查MiCA法规咨询回复的57页文件中明确指出:“电子货币旨在用于支付,而非作为储蓄手段。”该文件强调,央行“继续支持禁止加密资产服务提供商(CASPs)对稳定币支付报酬”的立场。回应中指出,现有限制应同时覆盖直接支付以及通过其他产品产生的回报。

稳定币收益禁令或延伸至借贷与质押

目前,MiCA禁止电子货币代币发行人及加密资产服务提供商就相关代币授予利息。欧洲中央银行体系希望欧盟立法者明确表明,不得通过将稳定币放入借贷、借款、质押或其他类似产品中来规避这一限制。

央行在报告中表示,稳定币可以通过“借贷、质押或其他分层结构转变为具有收益属性的安排”。即使稳定币本身不直接支付利息,此类产品仍可为持有者提供经济回报。

欧洲中央银行体系警告,允许此类安排可能会削弱电子货币与银行存款之间的监管界限,并在加密货币公司与受监管金融机构之间造成不公平的竞争条件。“维持并酌情加强禁止规定,涵盖直接和间接形式的报酬,应成为明确的立法优先事项。”该机构表示。

This position is quite similar to the controversy surrounding stablecoin rewards in the United States. Earlier reports pointed out that eight banking associations in the United States sent a letter to U.S. lawmakers in September this year, requesting tightening restrictions on stablecoin incentives in the CLARITY Act. These groups believe that rewards linked to balances or holding periods may behave like interest on bank deposits, even if payments are attached to other conditions.

Banking groups are focusing on its potential impact on deposits, as the funds are used to support mortgages, corporate finance and other lending businesses. In July, the American Bankers Association, the Independent Community Bankers Association of America and 76 state banking associations sought to tighten stricter restrictions on incentives to prevent customers from transferring funds out of bank accounts for holding stablecoins.

Citigroup CEO Jane Fraser raised similar concerns in August, warning that the stablecoin reward program could reduce the amount of deposits available to lenders. Although Fraser supported the passage of the CLARITY Act, she said the bill's provisions on stablecoin rewards still needed to be revised. However, the bill ultimately failed to advance in a procedural vote of 50 - 49 on September 15, and the debate covered stablecoin rewards, ethics and other provisions.

The European Central Bank supports banks 'request to change MiCA reserve rules

In addition to remuneration limits, the European System of Central Banks also proposes changes in the way MiCA supervises reserves behind stablecoins.

目前的欧盟规则要求,引用官方货币的代币发行人必须将其引用的每种货币金额的至少30%以存款形式存放在信用机构中;对于“重要代币”,这一比例要求上升至60%。

央行希望取消这些最低存款要求,因为大型稳定币发行人可能成为银行不稳定的资金来源。欧洲中央银行体系指出,如果发行人面临大量赎回请求,它可能需要在短时间内撤回大额存款。这种突然的资金提取可能会使接收银行面临突发的资金压力,与此同时,稳定币发行人正试图获取现金以满足赎回需求。

取而代之的是,欧洲中央银行体系提议制定基于储备资产变现或转换为现金速度的流动性规则。该方案要求发行人在期限为一至五个工作日的资产中保持指定比例的储备金,从而拥有可用于处理赎回的流动资产,而不必过度依赖从银行撤资。

流动性规则聚焦于一日和五日到期日

欧洲中央银行体系以欧洲银行管理局(EBA)的标准作为拟议结构的基础。根据流动性框架,引用官方货币的重要稳定币需要至少40%的储备资产在一个工作日内可用,60%在五个工作日内可用。对于非重要代币,相应的阈值分别为20%和30%。

EBA的标准部分是根据与加密相关事件相关的观察到的存款流出情况校准的。该框架根据现金和其他储备资产成熟、提取或以其他方式变得可用的速度进行分类。

因此,该提案将发行人所需的流动性金额与其必须直接存放在商业银行的金额分离开来。稳定币发行人仍需保持充足的流动性储备,但合规性将更多地取决于这些资产的到期特征。

自2024年6月MiCA的稳定币条款开始适用以来,欧洲当局一直在不断完善该法规。该框架引入了适用于资产参考代币和电子货币代币的全欧盟要求,包括储备管理、赎回权以及对被归类为重要代币的额外要求。

MiCA要求储备资产在法律和运营上与发行人的自有资产隔离,而重要代币则面临额外的审慎要求和更高的监管标准。欧洲监管机构此前在设定流动性框架时重点关注赎回风险。EBA的技术工作将一日和五日的流动性池分开,由于潜在的赎回规模较大,重要代币面临更高的阈值。

欧洲中央银行体系的最新提案保留了这种基于流动性的方法,同时取消了强制发行人将相关储备金的最低30%或60%作为银行存款的规则。

In the United States, banks have raised relevant arguments from the other side of the stablecoin balance sheet. Their focus is to prevent stablecoins that pay rewards from drawing deposits away from lenders, while the European System of Central Banks reserve proposal addresses the risks created by stablecoin issuers themselves placing large deposits in banks.

On the eve of the September vote on the CLARITY Act, the debate over rewards remained fierce. Banking groups view incentives tied to stablecoin balances as similar to deposit interest, while cryptocurrency companies seek to retain rewards tied to transactions and other platform activities. A Senate compromise had sought to limit passive gains while retaining some activity-based incentives.

The European Central Banking System wants the EU ban to cover indirect rewards, whether the rewards come directly from the issuer of the stablecoin or through loans, pledges or other tiered products provided around the token.

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