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Senate report says Tether is a lifeline for Iran to evade sanctions

2026-09-30 12:28:20
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参议院调查报告指控Tether成为伊朗影子银行系统的“生命线”,引发对稳定币合规性的重新审视

美国参议院常设调查小组委员会发布的一份报告指出,作为全球市值最大稳定币发行方的Tether,实际上充当了伊朗影子银行系统的“生命线”。这一发现再次引发了外界对于在现有美国制裁法律框架下,美元挂钩代币能否得到有效监管的质疑。

根据该小组委员会发布的新闻稿,由理查德·布卢门撒尔(Richard Blumenthal)参议员主导的报告详细阐述了与卢特尼克(Lutnick)关联的加密公司Tether是如何支撑伊朗的影子银行体系的。报告直接建立了Tether的USDT稳定币与伊朗试图绕过传统银行体系以获取美元计价资产之间的联系,而后者正是美国制裁旨在控制的领域。

参议院报告的核心指控

该小组委员会的核心主张是,Tether充当了伊朗实体规避美国制裁所施加金融孤立的机制。报告特别强调了Tether与霍华德·卢特尼克(Howard Lutnick)的联系,将这家公司的角色定性为并非被动的基础设施提供商,而是支持受制裁活动的助力者。

这种区分在法律上至关重要。稳定币发行商处于一个独特的位置:他们可以冻结持有USDT的单个钱包,但由于区块链地址的伪匿名性质,主动进行制裁筛查比传统美元转账中应用的代理行控制要困难得多。早在2026年初,Tether就冻结了近5.5亿美元与伊朗相关的USDT,这一举动证明了发行方具备采取行动的技术能力,尽管批评人士认为反应式的冻结并不能替代系统性的控制措施。

截至文章发表时,Tether尚未就参议院报告公开发表回应。

为何稳定币会造成执法漏洞

USDT是一种稳定币,意味着每个代币都与美元1:1挂钩,旨在保持该价值。与比特币不同——比特币因其固定的供应量和去中心化的发行机制,使其能够抵御发行方层面的控制——USDT由一家中心化公司发行,理论上可以将地址列入黑名单。参议院报告的隐含论点是,Tether没有在发行或转移环节充分行使这种控制权。

对于比特币而言,这种区别具有结构性的意义。比特币没有可以施压的发行方,这意味着针对比特币流动的制裁执法必须在交易所或托管层而非协议层面进行。像USDT这样的稳定币存在于不同的法律类别中:它们是由受美国司法管辖的私营公司发行的美元债权,参议院报告似乎认为,这种管辖权带来了Tether未能履行的合规义务。

这份报告出台之际,国会对于稳定币监管框架仍存在分歧。《CLARITY法案》在参议院 cloture(结束辩论)投票中以49比50票失败,留下了立法空白。该小组委员会的报告隐含地指出,正是这一空白允许了像Tether这样的公司在缺乏适当制裁控制的情况下运营。

报告对稳定币政策的潜在影响

参议院调查报告本身不具有法律效力,但它们通常预示着向财政部外国资产控制办公室(OFAC)的执法转介或立法行动。该小组委员会将Tether与美国官员联系起来,并指控其支持受制裁国家的影子银行体系,这种叙事旨在对迄今为止拒绝对该发行方采取直接行动的监管机构施加政治压力。

The immediate policy question is whether OFAC, the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) or the Department of Justice will consider this report as the basis for a formal investigation. The second question is whether the report will accelerate the implementation of specific stablecoin sanctions screening requirements that apply to any issuer of dollar-linked tokens operating within the United States or clearing through U.S. financial infrastructure.

For the broader digital asset market, the report highlights a structural contradiction: making stablecoins conducive to programmability of cross-border transfers also makes them an ideal tool for circumventing sanctions, and there is currently no comprehensive federal framework requiring issuers to implement the kind of real-time screening banks use for wire transfers. Until that framework exists, Senate investigations will continue to serve as the main pressure mechanism.

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