以太坊与Base放弃联合账户抽象标准

以太坊与Base开发者终止通用账户抽象标准协作，两网将各自推进交易设计

以太坊（Ethereum）和Base的开发者已终止了针对共同账户抽象标准的协作工作。此前，双方试图调和EIP-8141与EIP-8130提案的努力因无法达成共识而失败，导致两个网络决定分别追求各自的交易设计方案。

分歧根源：核心目标的不可调和

Ethlabs开发者Derek Chiang于周一表示，上周两方提案的作者停止了寻求共享规范的尝试，原因是发现现有的技术选项要求以太坊或Base在核心需求上做出妥协。Chiang指出：“我很遗憾地报告，8130与8141（Frames）之间的协作已于上周破裂，Base和以太坊现在将分道扬镳，实施不同的账户抽象标准。”

尽管两项提案均旨在简化用户与加密钱包的交互方式——例如允许用户在不持有ETH作为Gas费的情况下进行交易，并支持手机密码等认证方法——但团队在探索是否有一个统一的设计能同时服务于以太坊Layer 1和Base Layer 2时遇到了障碍。

Chiang解释道：“虽然我们确定了一些技术方案，但它们都要求其中一方在核心目标上至少做出些许妥协。因此，我们选择了分开行动，将由此产生的碎片化负担留给钱包开发者去处理。”

According to Chiang, Ethereum developers prioritize censorship resistance, privacy and security, while Base focuses more on scalability, customization and compliance. These fundamental differences ultimately prevented the team from agreeing on a single transaction format.

Impact and challenges for wallet developers

This decision means that if both EIP-8141 and EIP-8130 end up in production environments, wallet developers may face the complex situation of supporting two native transaction formats. However, Chiang believes that as long as developers properly handle these independent standards, wallets can still provide users with a consistent experience.

"If they execute it right and the wallet community can bridge the gap created by this fragmentation, we may end up providing the best user experience (UX) for end users," he said.

This result is completely different from the direction discussed by developers a few days ago. As early as September 7, it was reported that developers of EIP-8141 were exploring compatibility with EIP-8130, trying to make it easier for infrastructure providers to check their certification requirements while maintaining transaction programmability. At the time, Chiang had stated that the EIP-8130 could provide a well-defined structure for the EIP-8141's Frames, aiming to retain the programmable nature of Frames while providing a clearer transaction format for wallets and high-throughput networks.

Technology Path Comparison: Frame Transactions vs. Onchain Keystore

EIP-8130Use the Keystore, where accounts can register approved participants and authenticate contracts. The transaction passes the identification method used, allowing the network to determine the required verification process before executing the wallet code.

EIP-8141 takes a different path, building transactions as programmable contract calls called "Frames." Different Frames in the same transaction can perform different functions, including verification, Gas approval, and execution.

Currently, the team has abandoned efforts to integrate these two methods into a single standard.

EIP-8141 becomes a key proposal for Ethereum's Hegotá upgrade

Ethereum will continue to promote EIP-8141 (or Frame Transactions) to include it in the planned Hegotá upgrade. The Ethereum Foundation Protocol Cluster listed the proposal in the "must-ship" category earlier this month. Its source code states that the proposal aims to abstract accounts into native features of Ethereum and improve security and post-quantum readiness.

Frame Transactions divides transactions into a series of programmable Frames. One Frame can authenticate the sender, another can authorize the account responsible for Gas, and subsequent Frames can perform the action requested by the user. This model allows the account from which the operation is initiated and the account from which the fee is paid to be separated.

Ethereum developers have included EIP-8141 in Hegotá 's schedule before September 7. During an execution call for all core developers on August 27, the core developers moved the proposal from "considering inclusion" to "planning inclusion", allowing it to be included in the planned 2027 upgrade while the specifications were still in the draft stage. Obtained formal status.

Under the proposed system, applications could cover users 'transaction fees or arrange for users to pay through other assets, while Ethereum verifiers continue to charge network fees in ETH. This structure is expected to eliminate a common restriction in current wallets: that users holding stablecoins or other tokens still need to hold ETH before making a transaction.

In addition, Frames can also be used for batch processing of transactions. Related operations can be grouped so that all operations succeed together, or all are rolled back when one fails. For example, current token transactions typically require a separate authorization step, allowing applications to spend tokens before executing the transaction itself. Frame Transactions can place related operations into the same programmable transaction structure.

Programmable frame extension Ethereum account control

EIP-8141 aims to move more account verification logic into programmable code rather than having traditional Ethereum accounts rely on a fixed authentication process. The proposal describes its final state as "an account becomes simply an address with a code."

Vitalik Buterin, co-author of EIP-8141, described the proposal in February as a "comprehensive solution that incorporates and solves all remaining issues that account abstraction is designed to solve." On September 5, Buterin said the proposal had made "many important progress" in the past few months and was becoming "close to optimal."

Developers later discovered that several transaction functions could be expressed through programmable EIP-8141 Frames, rather than repeatedly expanding Ethereum's transaction envelope. This method can handle functions such as transaction expiration, signature aggregation, privacy proof, and post-transaction assertion. Although Frame Transactions still needs to change Ethereum's consensus rules, various functions can be built through frame targets and call patterns.

Programmable verification can give accounts more authentication control. EIP-8141 is designed to support functions such as alternative signature systems, sponsored Gas payments, transaction batch processing, and key rotation. The same architecture can help Ethereum accounts get rid of their reliance on the signature system used in traditional externally owned accounts. Users may be able to change the authentication method used to control accounts without having to transfer assets to a new address.

Before the official schedule, Ethereum researchers had considered including Frame Transactions in Hegotá. During August, developers compared EIP-8141 with EIP-8130 as competing solutions for native account abstraction and narrowed the scope of upgrades in 2027. At the time, the proposals were part of a larger Hegotá selection process that covered aspects such as censorship resistance, privacy, Gas pricing, verifier economics and Layer 1 extensions.

以太坊研究人员还单独考察了Frame Transactions如何支持注重隐私的应用程序。一份八月的提案讨论了“自资助隐私池”，其中可编程的费用支付允许隐私池自行覆盖Gas费用，而不依赖外部中继器。这项工作将Frame Transactions与其他拟议的变更（如Keyed Nonces、Recent Roots和Transaction Assertions）相结合。当时，隐私池提案仍是研究人员的优选方案，而非以太坊核心开发者的最终决定。

Base将继续独立推进EIP-8130

Base的EIP-8130现在将从以太坊的Frame Transactions提案中独立进行。由Base设计的这一方案结合了新的交易类型和链上“Keystore”，记录账户批准的签名者和认证者。它旨在支持自定义认证、调用批量处理和Gas赞助。

尽管两项提案共享多个账户抽象目标，但其技术结构赋予各自网络不同程度的交易认证和处理控制权。在团队分道扬镳之前，以太坊开发者一直在尝试确定是否可以将EIP-8130的结构化认证系统与EIP-8141的可编程Frames结合，而不迫使Layer 1或Layer 2网络放弃其偏好的属性。

Ethlabs has previously listed Frame Transactions as one of its top priorities for the Hegotá upgrade, listing native account abstraction, censorship resistance, faster block generation, and continued Layer 1 extensions. As the joint effort ends, EIP-8141 remains the native account abstraction path Ethereum planned for Hegotá, while Base will continue to develop EIP-8130 around its independent transaction types and on-chain keystores.