Stellar与Ripple的分道扬镳:从同源到殊途
Stellar与Ripple的分裂源于共同创始人Jed McCaleb的离去。2013年,因不满Ripple日益商业化的发展方向及其对XRP Ledger(XRP账本)的控制权,McCaleb离开了该公司。随后,他于2014年联合创立了Stellar,作为一个基于Ripple原始代码分叉版本构建的非营利替代品。尽管这两个网络在底层运行着相似的共识机制,但此后它们在代币经济学、治理结构以及目标客户群体上逐渐分道扬镳。
Ripple的起源与McCaleb的离职
Ripple的早期历史可以追溯到一个人,直到它分裂为两个独立的网络。
Ripple协议共识算法(RPCA)
Jed McCaleb、David Schwartz和Arthur Britto于2012年启动了XRP Ledger,采用了一种如今被称为“Ripple协议共识算法”(RPCA)的共识方法。这是一种联邦拜占庭同意(Federated Byzantine Agreement)的形式:每个验证节点都会参考一个“唯一节点列表”(UNL),即它所信任的其他验证者列表。只有当该列表中约80%的节点达成一致时,交易才会结算。
XRP的总量1000亿枚在创世区块中一次性生成,没有挖矿过程,也没有后续的增发。起初,Ripple公司持有其中约800亿枚。
方向与控制权的分歧
McCaleb协助构建了XRP的早期框架,但在2013年7月离开了Ripple Labs的核心角色。多方记载描述了同一根本性的分歧:Ripple正转变为一家向银行出售结算软件的公司,而McCaleb希望建立一个以金融包容性为核心而非以企业销售为导向的网络。此次离职时,他持有的大量个人XRP资产成为了他与Ripple之间多年法律纠纷的焦点,争议点在于他抛售这些资产的速度限制。
Stella如何走出不同的道路?
Stellar的成立不仅在使命上与Ripple不同,在组织结构上也存在显著差异。
非营利组织而非公司实体
2014年,McCaleb与Joyce Kim共同成立了Stellar Development Foundation(Stellar开发基金会),这是一个非营利组织,部分资金来自Stripe提供的300万美元贷款。Stellar的代码库最初确实是Ripple软件的直接分叉,随后完全转向了其自身的共识机制。
Stellar共识协议(SCP)
Stellar的首席科学家David Mazieres于2015年发布了Stellar共识协议(SCP)。这也是一种联邦拜占庭同意系统,但其核心是“仲裁切片”(Quorum Slices):每个节点独立选择信任哪些其他节点,而不是依赖Ripple或网络默认维护的列表。学术调查显示,这比Ripple的UNL模型更松散、更开放,尽管两者都被研究人员归类为许可型(Permissioned)而非完全无许可的系统。
XRP与XLM代币经济学的对比
两种代币都早早确定了总供应量,但在分发方式上截然不同。
XRP的托管系统
2017年12月,Ripple将550亿枚XRP(超过总供应量的一半)锁定在55个独立的链上托管合约中,每个合约每月第一天可释放最多10亿枚XRP。通常情况下,Ripple会将每月释放量的60%至80%重新投入新的托管合约中,而不是出售,这使得释放计划比原设计延长了数年。截至2026年中,流通中的XRP约为620亿枚,仍有约380亿枚处于托管状态。
Stellar的2019年销毁行动
Stellar采取了相反的策略。2019年11月,Stellar Development Foundation通过一笔交易销毁了550亿枚XLM,当时价值约47亿美元,将总供应量从1050亿枚削减至约500亿枚。这次销毁伴随着另一项决定:移除Stellar自启动以来一直稀释持有者利益的1%年度通胀机制。
Ripple的首席技术架构师David Schwartz曾指出,Stellar的销毁证明了销毁剩余托管XRP可能对价格产生的长期影响有限,因为Stellar的销毁仅引发了短暂的反弹。
这两个网络的验证者是完全去中心化的吗?
独立研究人员对两者提出了类似的担忧。
UNL中心化辩论
学术调查显示,Ripple默认的UNL最初完全由Ripple运营的验证者组成,后来才逐步加入了大学等第三方验证者和私营公司。Ripple表示,现在其运营的验证者不到总数的10%,且在大约35个受信任节点的默认列表中仅出现一次;任何人都可以运行验证者,但只有在足够多的其他运营商的列表中被列入,才能获得实际影响力。Ripple的建筑师认为,这种设计防止了任何单一方重写历史或增发货币,因为运营商始终可以选择不同的UNL。
Stellar面临的类似质疑
Stellar的SCP通常被认为更加开放,因为信任决策分散在每个节点上,而不是收敛到一个推荐的列表中。但Stellar也面临审查。一份广泛引用的分析将Stellar与Ripple、Hedera、Algorand和Canton归为一类,将所有五个网络分类为验证者集合仍受许可限制或由基金会发布列表塑造的网络。该分析认为,机构用户倾向于这种结构化治理,而非完全开放的系统。
Current application differences between XRP and XLM
Over the past decade, the two networks have evolved towards different customer groups.
Ripple's corporate and legal path
Ripple Labs sells cross-border settlement products to banks and payment companies, and XRP is used to bridge currencies. Its five-year lawsuit with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) ended in August 2025, and both parties withdrew their appeals. The court ruled that XRPs sold on public exchanges are not securities. However, Ripple's sales to institutions were found to violate securities laws. After the court refused to waive its proposed $50 million fine, Ripple withdrew its appeal and retained the original $125 million civil fine.
Stellar's non-profit and tokenization path
Stellar maintains non-profit operations while building tokenization infrastructure. Franklin Templeton's BENJI Money Market Fund will operate on the Stellar Network starting in 2021. MoneyGram launched the MGUSD stablecoin online in June 2026. As of early September 2026, Stellar reported that the value of real-world assets on the Internet was approximately US$4 billion, up from approximately US$1 billion in January. It has also added smart contract functionality through Soroban, which will launch on its main network in February 2024.
Conclusion
Stellar and Ripple trace their origins to the same founding team and the same consensus pedigree, and then diverge over ownership, supply management, and what their respective networks serve. Ripple established a for-profit business that manages large amounts of token custody and sells XRP-based settlement tools to banks, and settled a case with the SEC in 2025 with a $125 million fine. Stellar established a non-profit foundation, directly destroyed half of its supply, and turned to tokenized assets and payments, reporting billions of dollars in real-world asset values in 2026. Both still operate the Federal Byzantine Consensus of Consent and face similar questions from researchers about the true decentralization of their validator sets.

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