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BTC Coinbase outlines its requirements for quantum-resistant security for Bitcoin
As a custody institution holding approximately 5% of all Bitcoins, Coinbase published a technical blog on October 13th, detailing its expectations regarding the transition to quantum-resistant security for Bitcoin. The main point is that choosing a new digital signature scheme is only part of the process. Any solution must be able to adapt to Bitcoin’s limited block space, while also addressing the needs of both custody institutions and everyday wallet users.
Work should begin before any quantum threats are confirmed
In this blog post, the exchange stated that it has begun preparing its systems, engaging in discussions with Bitcoin developers, and supporting open-source efforts through the “Bitcoin Security Alliance”. The company mentioned P2MR and P2TRv2 proposed in BIP-360, believing that these potential output designs could accommodate future quantum-resistant signature systems, thereby eliminating the need for drastic reforms with each cryptographic update.
Coinbase also suggested evaluating hybrid arrangements, where during the transition period, wallets can use traditional ECDSA/Schnorr signatures or quantum-resistant keys to manage funds. Coinbase paid special attention to stateful quantum-resistant signatures. While such solutions are smaller and faster than stateless alternatives, reusing signature states may lead to risks of fraud. The company warned that it would be difficult for exchanges or individual wallet managers operating multiple signature servers to recover from updates that fail or lose their state.
其建议的评估标准包括：签名大小、验证速度、交易费用、全节点工作量、硬件钱包兼容性，以及多方计算（MPC）。多方计算允许各方在不依赖单一位置完整私钥的情况下生成签名。Coinbase 同时列出了 ML-DSA、预期的 FN-DSA 标准以及 SHRINCS 作为候选评估对象。
冻结提案与暴露估算框定辩论焦点
晚期迁移的钱包是最后一个未决问题。如果比特币最终限制或停止 ECDSA 和 Schnorr 的支出，Coinbase 质疑那些用户随后如何转移资金。该问题已在讨论中，由 Jameson Lopp 和其他五位开发者主导的 BIP-361 提议首先限制向易受量子攻击的地址发送资金，随后停止旧式签名的支出，并设有一个未经确认的第三阶段，旨在让错过截止期限的人有机会恢复资金。
该计划遭到了反对意见，认为协议级别的冻结违背了抗审查性和用户对资金自我负责的原则。但在今年四月，BitMEX Research 提出了一种“金丝雀”替代方案：只有当资金从一个无人知晓私钥的特殊地址转出时，才会触发冻结机制，因为此类支出行为将证明量子计算机的存在。
