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IMF: The tokenized market is small, retail driven and fragmented, and stablecoins may become a weak

2026-10-09 00:12:06
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国际货币基金组织:代币化现实世界资产规模达650亿美元,但市场仍由散户主导

国际货币基金组织(IMF)指出,7月份代币化现实世界资产(RWA)的总规模已达到约650亿美元。尽管这一数字令人印象深刻,但该市场整体规模仍然较小,且主要由零售交易者主导。此外,IMF还强调,基于稳定币的结算机制为监管机构带来了新的风险源。

代币化RWA市场的规模究竟有多大?

在10月12日于曼谷开幕的IMF与世界银行年度会议前夕,IMF发布了《全球金融稳定报告》第3章,题为《代币化的扩展:新效率与新脆弱性》。该章节深入分析了当前市场的现状与潜在问题。

数据显示,截至7月,在不包含回购协议、稳定币交易及私人交易的情况下,公开交易的代币化现实世界资产总额约为650亿美元。其中,固定收益工具占据了绝大部分份额,约为480亿美元,具体细分为304亿美元的信用产品和约175亿美元的市场货币基金。相比之下,代币化股票的规模远远落后,仅为约23亿美元。

根据IMF最新的30天测量数据,代币化回购协议的日均交易量平均约为3030亿美元。然而,与传统美国回购市场每天约13万亿美元的交易量相比,这一数字显得微不足道。

代币化股票的实际表现与风险特征

为了深入了解代币化股票的实际行为,IMF研究了五种流动性最高的产品。研究样本包括由Ondo Finance和xStocks发行的产品,并追踪了标普500指数、纳斯达克100指数以及特斯拉、谷歌和英伟达等个股。这些数据涵盖了11个交易平台和365个交易日,总市值接近3.45亿美元。

研究发现,超过一半的交易发生在正常的美股交易时间之外,且约80%的交易量不足一股。IMF得出结论认为,24/7全天候访问权限和碎片化交易是定义当前代币使用方式的关键特征,小型零售投资者在其中扮演了重要角色。

此外,代币化产品的波动率约为传统市场中同类股票的1.5倍,且在所有被研究的交易场所中,去中心化交易所(DEX)的流动性最弱。

为何IMF主张使用央行货币进行结算?

IMF警告称,若使用私人存款代币或稳定币而非央行货币来结算证券,将加剧传染风险和集中度风险。与此同时,发行方本身已经承担了信用风险和流动性风险。

Tobias Adrian曾在4月的报告以及9月的IMF年度报告中提出类似观点,他认为一旦市场信心动摇,稳定币可能会面临大规模撤资的风险。

行业动向与监管建议

Days before the chapter was released, OKX's joint venture with the Intercontinental Exchange (ICE), parent of the New York Stock Exchange, notified the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) of plans to launch a 24/7 tokenized stock trading platform under its new innovation exemption framework. The platform will list more than 60 stocks, covering targets from Nvidia, Tesla to SpaceX, and each token will be traded in stablecoins such as USDC, USDG or Tether's USDT.

This analysis also applies to South Korea. South Korea plans to launch a token securities framework in February, which will be initially open to institutional investors, and then gradually open to retail investors, and eventually use tools such as stablecoins to achieve on-chain settlement.

To this end, the report recommends a variety of security measures, including technology-neutral supervision, regulatory sandboxes, safe settlement of assets, circuit breakers, and liquidity buffers, to deal with the challenges posed by emerging financial markets.

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