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AVAX Why classical consensus is difficult to extend
Traditional consensus protocols require each verifier to communicate with all other verifiers before making a decision. This works well in small networks, but as the number of nodes increases, the volume of messages increases sharply, creating a scalable ceiling that limits the actual size of the decentralized network.
Avalanche (@avax) uses a different approach.
The protocol does not require each verifier to communicate with all other verifiers at every decision, but instead allows verifiers to randomly query a small number of peer nodes and update their preferences based on the response.
If a sufficient majority of the verified verifiers return the same preferred transaction, that transaction becomes the preferred choice for the query verifier. Subsequently, the node continues to adopt this preference and repeats the sampling process until all the verifiers queried in multiple consecutive rounds give the same answer.
After rounds of iteration, the entire network gradually tends to the same answer.
Repeated sampling allows networks to quickly converge to common results while controlling communication overhead.
The scalability advantages of constant message volume and Snowman protocol
are real.
Subsampling has low message overhead. Whether there are twenty validators or two thousand validators in the network, the number of consensus messages sent by a node in a single query remains the same.
This is fundamentally different from the classic model-the message complexity of the classic model increases with the size of the network.
The agreement also saves resources through design. When no decision is needed, it goes to sleep, avoiding unnecessary calculations during idle periods.
For the Avalanche mainnet, the linear chain implementation of this method is called Snowman.
The Snowman consensus protocol is used jointly by the three blockchains that make up the Avalanche main network: X-chain, P-chain, and C-chain.
Snowman is designed for application scenarios that require full ordering and linear ordering of blocks, where transactions are processed one by one in strict order.
C-Chain uses the Ethereum virtual machine to support smart contracts and DeFi applications, where most applications on Avalanche run. It uses Snowman consensus protocol for linear transaction processing.
After the Cortina upgrade, all three chains on the main network uniformly use Snowman Consensus.
The Ethereum consensus protocol on the C chain has been replaced by Snowman consensus, resulting in lower block latency and higher throughput.
