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ETH 比特币长期安全性面临新审视：超31%的币流通于公钥暴露地址
Glassnode联合创始人拉斐尔·舒尔策-克拉夫特（Rafael Schultze-Kraft）估算，约有626万枚比特币（BTC），占该加密货币总供应量的31.2%，存储在公钥暴露的地址中。这一发现使得比特币的长期安全性再次受到关注。
以太坊研究员发出紧急警告：建议启动“地堡模式”
上述 findings 紧随以太坊基金会研究员贾斯汀·德雷克（Justin Drake）发出的紧急警告之后。他敦促区块链行业为可能出现的密码学突破做好准备，因为这种突破可能会使现有钱包面临风险。
德雷克在周三发布的一篇帖子中写道：“今天我呼吁区块链行业冷静地开始规划‘地堡模式’。”他建议将资产受控地迁移到新的地址，这些新地址的公钥隐藏在哈希值之后，从而保持隐蔽状态。
德雷克警告称，威胁可能比预期更早出现。他认为，“现在合理地预计，椭圆曲线数字签名算法（ECDSA）可能在量子计算时代到来之前就被破解，最坏的情况下，几个月内就会发生，而不是几年后。”
As background information, ECDSA is a digital signature scheme used by Bitcoin. In theory, a sufficiently powerful quantum computer could use its mathematical structure to recover private keys from exposed public keys. Drake also suggested that advances in artificial intelligence could accelerate mathematical breakthroughs, weakening existing encryption systems.
Specific composition and historical comparison of public key exposure
According to Schulze-Kraft's analysis, 4.33 million bitcoins exposed public keys due to address reuse. Another 1.94 million bitcoins were exposed through their transaction type or script type, including approximately 1.71 million bitcoins stored in traditional "payments to public key"(P2PK) output. This category includes approximately 1.1 million bitcoins attributed to Bitcoin founder Satoshi Nakamoto.
The latest estimates show that the exposure rate has reached 31.2%, up from 24.8% at the beginning of 2021, returning to the highest level since 2016.
U.S. government wallet transfer sparks market speculation
It is worth noting that the debate comes as U.S. related wallets transfer large amounts of seized bitcoins this week, adding new variables to discussions about how large holders manage assets.
Blockchain tracking company Lookonchain reported that on October 8, a wallet linked to the U.S. government transferred 12,267 bitcoins worth approximately $1.01 billion to a newly created address. The funds were related to Bitcoin seized from the 2016 Bitfinex hack. In addition, approximately 9,261 bitcoins (worth $770 million) were transferred to Coinbase Prime.
尽管这些转移并不能证明政府出售了资产或出于量子担忧而移动资产，但它们凸显了在评估重大比特币流动时，区分钱包转账、托管安排和实际销售的重要性。
中心化交易所的暴露情况
与此同时，舒尔策-克拉夫特的估计表明，57%存放在中心化交易所的比特币位于公钥暴露的地址中，而这一比例在5月份为55%，2021年初为39%。交易所持有的约179万枚比特币属于暴露类别。
不同平台之间的比例差异很大：Coinbase约为10%，Binance约为83%，而Bitfinex则高达100%。舒尔策-克拉夫特警告说，这些数据“不应被解读为风险评估、偿付能力信号或对任何交易所或保管库安全性的声明。”
Vitalik Buterin反对恐慌性迁移
德雷克的警告出台之际，以太坊联合创始人Vitalik Buterin也质疑人工智能是否会在量子计算机变得足够强大之前削弱加密系统。Buterin特别警告不要急于将钱包迁移到新地址。
他在周四表示：“我不建议任何人今天匆忙地将资金转移到新钱包。”他进一步指出，行业必须将潜在的AI相关漏洞与量子风险一起考虑。
