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巴克莱、劳埃德和国民威斯敏斯特完成代币化存款交易

2026-09-24 16:11:37
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英国大型银行完成全球首例基于代币化存款的跨行交易

英国最大的几家银行已完成由英国金融协会(UK Finance)称为“全球首个使用代币化存款进行的跨行交易”,在抵押贷款和个人对个人支付场景中测试了基于区块链的商业银行存款。


试点项目概况与参与机构

英国的主要银行完成了首批利用代币化存款进行的跨行交易,涵盖了抵押贷款及个人对个人支付等应用场景。劳埃德银行集团(Lloyds)、国民威斯敏斯特银行(NatWest)和巴克莱银行(Barclays)完成了两笔再抵押交易,而另一项涉及汇丰银行(HSBC)的独立测试则模拟了在线市场的支付流程。

根据英国金融协会的信息,劳埃德银行集团、国民威斯敏斯特银行和巴克莱银行利用代币化存款进行了两笔再抵押交易;与此同时,包括汇丰银行在内的另外三家银行组成的团队测试了与模拟在线市场购买相关的个人对个人支付。这些交易构成了英国金融协会“大英代币化存款倡议”的一部分,该倡议旨在测试英镑银行存款的数字表现形式是否能在不同金融机构之间流转。此前的银行项目大多在各自独立的系统内运行,限制了其在涉及不同银行客户交易中的使用范围。

代币化存款是指在区块链或其他分布式账本上代表的传统商业银行存款。资金仍作为发行银行的负债,并保留普通存款附带的法律地位和监管保护。多年来,银行一直在探索将区块链技术应用于存款、债券、股票及其他金融资产,但各机构单独开发的基础设施导致资产在机构间转移时出现障碍。

英国金融协会设计的当前试点方案侧重于银行间的互操作性,参与者包括巴克莱银行、汇丰银行、劳埃德银行集团、国民威斯敏斯特银行、全国建筑协会(Nationwide)和桑坦德银行(Santander)。Quant、安永(EY)和Linklaters律师事务所为该计划提供了支持。


应用场景:智能合约降低欺诈风险

最新的交易通过两种不同的用例将该模式付诸实践。在在线市场测试中,可编程存款允许资金保留在买方的银行账户中,直到满足约定的交易条件。只有在确认货物已收到后,资金才会释放给卖方。由于该交易是模拟的,因此没有实际货物发生转移。

英国金融协会支付与创新部门总经理Jana Mackintosh表示,这种设置展示了可编程存款如何降低在线交易中的欺诈风险。类似的机制也被用于两笔再抵押交易。在房产处理过程中,资金被锁定,并在交易完成后自动释放。

抵押贷款用例从项目早期阶段就已纳入,与个人对个人市场支付及数字资产结算并列。英国金融协会此前曾表示,代币化存款可以在保留与传统银行存款相关保护的同时,提高支付速度和反欺诈能力。


代币化存款与稳定币的区别

随着英国监管机构努力确定不同类型的数字货币应如何与传统银行存款共存,此次测试显得尤为重要。代币化存款与稳定币不同,因为它们代表的是存在于商业银行体系内的资金。稳定币通常由私营公司发行,以储备金为支撑,并对发行人形成独立的债权主张。

此前的一份报告指出,代币化存款保留了其作为银行负债的地位,并附有针对商业银行资金的监管和监督框架。英格兰银行鼓励银行进行代币化存款实验,同时其数字货币框架也为受监管的稳定币作为另一种支付形式留下了空间。

英格兰银行副行长Sarah Breeden在5月时表示,央行希望建立一个系统,使传统存款、代币化银行存款、受监管的稳定币以及潜在的零售央行数字货币能够并行运作。英格兰银行预计金融机构将继续开发代币化存款,并正在构建基础设施,使这些存款能够用于银行间的支付,而不再局限于同一机构的客户。

当时,英国监管机构正在考察代币化证券、结算系统和抵押品如何融入受监管的市场,共有16家企业正通过英格兰银行和金融行为管理局(FCA)的数字证券沙盒准备相关服务。随后,央行调整了对稳定币的部分方法,最终政策取消了针对个人持有稳定币的限制,改为每类系统性代币初始发行限额为400亿英镑。

在修订后的框架下,发行人可将高达70%的储备金投资于短期政府债务,其余30%必须存放在不计息的英格兰银行存款中。央行此前提出个人持有限制,部分原因是官员担心大量资金从商业银行存款流入稳定币可能会影响银行融资和信贷提供。


下一步:数字债券发行

英国金融协会现在计划成立一家公司,并制定规则簿和治理框架,以使“大英代币化存款”项目超越试点阶段。Mackintosh告诉路透社,参与的银行计划于2027年第一季度发行三笔数字债券,这些债券可以使用代币化存款进行交易和结算。

计划中的交易将为已测试的抵押贷款和个人对个人支付增加一个证券结算用例。受监管的数字现金腿一直是英国代币化债券市场面临的问题之一。政府正在另行准备其数字国债工具(DIGIT),首笔交易预计将于2027年第一季度末完成。

The first digital sovereign bond is expected to be issued in the Bank of England and FCA digital securities sandboxes through HSBC's Orion distributed ledger platform. The British government said there may be more digital treasury bonds sales based on the results of the initial offering. Another review of the DIGIT project pointed out that on-chain cash settlement remains the remaining infrastructure issue, and regulators are considering tokenized deposits, regulated stablecoins and central bank currencies as possible settlement assets.

Lloyds Bank has tested tokenized deposits in other environments. In August this year, the bank said it had completed three real-time transactions through the Bank for International Settlement-led "Agorá" project, covering British pounds, euros and Swiss francs. One test integrates foreign exchange conversions, payments and settlements into a single cross-currency transaction flow. As early as early as 2026, Lloyd's Bank issued tokenized sterling deposits on the Canton network and used them to purchase a tokenized British government bond from Archax, which the bank said was the first application of using tokenized deposits on the UK's public blockchain.


International Market Concern and Future Outlook

Mackintosh said interest in the model went beyond participating banks. "Over the past 12 months, other jurisdictions have talked seriously with us about the work we do, trying to understand how they can catch up." She cited discussions with her European counterparts. The United States is also carrying out similar cross-bank infrastructure construction. The Clearing House, a banking association and payments company, announced an inter-bank tokenized deposit program in June this year.

Meanwhile, UK regulators are synchronizing with the banking industry's payment experiments to develop rules and infrastructure for tokenized securities. The Bank of England and the FCA said in May that as financial institutions push distributed ledger projects to the real market, companies are demanding more certainty about prudent treatment, tokenized collateral and settlement instruments.

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