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BNB 
ETH 
SOL A new study from the University of Cambridge lists Ethereum as one of the lower-energy-intensive networks in the primary proof-of-stake (PoS) blockchain, but the network's total electricity consumption is still higher than most PoS networks studied.
The Cambridge Alternative Financial Center estimates that Ethereum consumes approximately 7.87 gigawatt hours (GWh) of electricity per year. After adjusting for market value, the network consumes approximately 33 kilowatt hours (kWh) per $1 million of value, ranking the second lowest proof of stake network evaluated, behind only the BNB chain.
Among the PoS networks studied, Solana has the highest electricity consumption, at approximately 13.48 GWh per year. Its energy intensity is approximately 283 kilowatt-hours per US$1 million market value, approximately 8.5 times that of Ethereum, while other networks compared consume approximately 38 gigawatt hours combined.
This report is one of the most detailed assessments of Ethereum's energy consumption after the "merger" and provides policymakers and investors with a more immediate basis to compare blockchain sustainability.
New estimates depict Ethereum energy usage
The University of Cambridge measured the actual power consumption of Ethereum nodes on the wall using a combination of 20 major software clients on the network. Research found that a typical home setting consumes approximately 18 watts, while more powerful workstations consume approximately 153 watts.
Based on Ethereum's mixed use of residential nodes and professional hosted nodes, the researchers estimated that the average power consumption of each node is about 105 watts. The University of Cambridge counted approximately 8522 discoverable complete nodes, 64% of which were running in cloud or enterprise facilities, and 36% used residential network connections.
The University of Cambridge said Ethereum's remaining carbon emissions mainly come from the power grid that powers its nodes. Research estimates that approximately 56.4% of the network's electricity comes from renewable energy and nuclear energy, with the remaining 43.6% coming from fossil fuels.
