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代币化存款让IBM接入Swift的区块链账本

2026-09-26 20:20:59
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IBM Digital Asset Hub can now route bank payment instructions to Swift blockchain ledgers

IBM announced on September 24 that its Digital Asset Hub platform is now able to connect banks to blockchain-based Swift shared ledgers. Through this new mechanism, banks can use ISO 20022 payment messages that the system has generated to transfer tokenized deposits at any time. The connection is achieved through a message adapter that is still marked as a "beta" by IBM.

Currently, a number of Swift ledger participants, including HSBC, Standard Chartered Bank, Citibank, DBS Bank, United Overseas Chinese Bank and Overseas Chinese Bank, have completed real-time transactions. For banks that have not yet joined, integration problems still exist, and the solution launched by IBM this time aims to address this pain point.

How IBM adapters convert payment messages into token transfers

Standardized instructions sent by banks are the same as those used for regular payments, and the IBM platform translates them into tokenized deposit transactions on the Swift ledger. In this process, the core banking system does not need to directly operate blockchain technology. The Digital Asset Hub, launched jointly by IBM and wallet infrastructure company Dfns in October 2025, handles wallet management, key management, and transaction signing, and connects to Hyperledger Besu-the EVM-compatible framework behind Swift ledgers.

这一入口的选择是经过深思熟虑的。Swift已于2025年11月完成了跨境支付的ISO 20022迁移大部分工作,报告称采用率已达到97%。银行已经为结构化支付数据支付了成本,而IBM正为他们提供一种重用这些数据来进行代币化货币交易的方式。

在报道中,一个细节往往被忽视:Swift账本充当的是编排层角色,最终结算仍通过现有基础设施(如实时全额结算系统RTGS)进行。

十七家银行在一年内实现实时支付

Swift于2025年9月在Sibos会议上公布了其账本,在开发期间与40多家机构合作,并于2026年7月9日宣布该系统已准备好投入使用。首批参与的银行共有17家,分布在六大洲,其中包括法国巴黎银行、三菱日联金融集团、瑞银集团、Itaú Unibanco银行和富国银行。

从公告到实时交易的历程

  • 2025年9月: Swift在Sibos会议上宣布其区块链账本。
  • 2026年7月9日: 账本激活,首批17家银行上线。
  • 2026年8月19日: 汇丰银行和渣打银行完成首笔实时跨境交易。
  • 2026年8月27日: 汇丰银行和大华银行运行港币实时转账。
  • 2026年9月2日: 花旗银行与第一阿布扎比银行及华侨银行上线交易。
  • September 10, 2026: DBS Bank, OCBC Bank and UOB Bank completed real-time inter-bank transactions in Singapore dollars.
  • September 24, 2026: IBM added a beta version of the ISO 20022 adapter to the ledger.

Saturday payments from Singapore to New York take only a few minutes

On September 5, DBS Bank and Citibank sent a tokenized US dollar payment to New York in Singapore and completed it in minutes. DBS compares this with traditional cross-border payment models, which can take as long as two working days when encountering weekends and jet differences. Citibank brought huge transaction volume to the trial. Its Token Services platform handles approximately US$1 billion in transactions and its round-the-clock USD Clearing service serves more than 300 bank customers.

Deposit financing logic behind bank push

The Bank for International Settlements defines tokenized deposits as commercial bank currency recorded on a programmable platform, with the holder having direct claims to the issuing bank. This is crucial for financing: If corporate treasury managers transfer $500 million to USDC, banks will lose $500 million in deposits. In contrast, holding tokenized deposits keeps funds on the bank's balance sheet and continues to support loan issuance.

然而,实际成果不如银行公告所暗示的那样确定。美联储纽约分行2026年2月的一份员工论文发现,稳定币与代币化存款之间的竞争在很大程度上取决于监管成本和银行的风险激励。国际清算银行本身在6月也指出,银行的部署大多仍处于批发实验阶段。

Swift希望连接银行自行构建的网络

账本上的大多数大型银行已经运行着专有的代币化货币系统。摩根大通的Kinexys平台提供了最大的此类系统,该行还在Coinbase的Base网络上测试了其JPMD存款代币。汇丰银行于4月在美国扩展了其代币化存款服务,星展银行自2024年以来一直运营着自己的EVM兼容链。这些系统各自独立运行于一行之内。瑞银的Andreas Kubli曾称互操作性是进一步发展的必要条件,而Swift的会员资格为其在此方面提供了先发优势,2025年其日均FIN消息量达到5980万条。

美国正在形成一种替代方案。据《华尔街日报》6月报道,摩根大通、美国银行、花旗银行和富国银行计划通过The Clearing House在2027年上半年建立共享代币化存款网络。

测试版状态、本地服务器和凌晨3点的流动性难题

IBM还发布了Digital Asset Haven On-Prem版本,允许银行在自有数据中心使用IBM Z或LinuxONE硬件运行全套堆栈,私钥存储在Crypto Express安全模块中。IBM声称特定配置下的可用性高达99.999999%,但这并非通用保证。IBM Z和LinuxONE负责人Tom McPherson表示:“代币化和传统资产需要并行移动。”

该适配器仍处于测试阶段,IBM尚未命名任何使用该适配器的Swift银行。一些加密货币媒体将此新闻与IBM过去与Stellar的合作联系起来,尽管9月24日的发布并未提及Stellar或XLM。更难的运营限制在于:虽然在周日上午3点移动代币只需几秒钟,但银行仍需在那个时段管理流动性、外汇和风险敞口,而中央银行结算通常在工作日进行。

欧洲央行正在构建缺失的结算环节

在IBM宣布之前几天,欧洲央行推出了Pontes项目,将其支付基础设施链接到基于区块链的市场,以便交易以央行欧元结算。德意志银行、桑坦德银行和Clearstream是首批参与者之一。如果Pontes等服务与Swift等商业银行账本相连接,将使代币化证券、银行存款和央行货币能够在单一编程序列中结算,一旦Pontes超越当前的工作日小时限制,甚至可以在周末进行结算。

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