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ZEC Zakura团队计划于1月为Zcash透明地址引入后量子签名OP码
负责维护Zcash全节点的Zakura团队宣布，计划于今年1月在Zcash网络中引入后量子签名操作码（opcodes）。此次更新旨在通过增强对量子计算机攻击的抵抗力，提高存储在透明地址中的资金安全性。
Zcash的后量子安全升级
Zakura团队的工程师Roman Akhtariev在最近的一次更新中指出，预计后量子签名操作码将于1月向Zcash开放。尽管团队设定了这一实施目标，但并未明确主网激活的具体日期。
Akhtariev解释说，当前的重点是实现完全基于哈希签名方案的后量子安全透明池。这项升级主要面向使用透明地址的用户，这与利用零知识证明来保护隐私的Zcash屏蔽地址（shielded addresses）有所不同。
目前，钱包可以将一种称为WOTS（Winternitz一次性签名）的哈希签名方案与常规的椭圆曲线密钥结合，用于透明地址。这种组合允许用户生成轮换式且具备后量子安全性的透明地址。然而，Zakura承认，目前尚未提供针对此功能的集成化钱包体验。
迷你词典：WOTS（Winternitz One-Time Signature）
这是一种基于哈希的数字签名方案，被认为能抵御量子攻击，提供后量子密码学特性。
公钥的保护机制
Zakura clarified that a transparent Zcash address contains the hash value of the public key. When funds are spent from that address, the underlying public key will be made public. To protect remaining funds, users can transfer the balance to a new address whose public key has not yet been revealed.
This mechanism is designed to maintain privacy and security, especially when the public key may be at risk of quantum attacks while the hash function remains secure. Zakura pointed out that this approach adds an extra layer of protection to users of Zcash transparent addresses.
Using PIR technology to improve privacy
Zakura points to a challenge related to wallet queries. When a wallet uses a typical server request to check multiple rotating addresses, the server learns that the addresses most likely belong to the same owner, undermining privacy, even if blockchain analysis cannot establish a direct connection.
To address this issue, Zakura is implementing Private Information Retrieval (PIR) technology. With PIR, wallets can obtain specific data from servers without exposing the records they are accessing. The network divides transparent transaction data into block ranges, with each range managed by a fragment that shares a compact filter. The wallet checks these filters locally and performs private queries if necessary. According to Zakura, processing 10,000 different payment scripts requires approximately 15 KB of filter data.
Mini Dictionary: Private Information Retrieval (PIR)
This is an encryption method that allows users to retrieve data from a server without the server knowing exactly what data was accessed, helping to protect user privacy.
The same method can also recover the wallet's transaction history from mnemonic words, including those addresses with no remaining funds. An experimental PIR feature has been added to the Vizor Wallet, and users can enable "Private Query" in the settings for testing.
Industry background and future outlook
Justin Drake, a researcher at the Ethereum Foundation, recently urged the industry to prepare for a "bunker model" in which funds are transferred to new addresses where transactions have not been previously signed. Drake warned that encryption schemes such as ECDSA could be threatened earlier than expected, recommending cautious and proportionate action rather than panic.
Zakura pointed out that while Zcash's transparent transactions are still publicly visible on the chain, PIR addresses the privacy issues of wallet queries needed to manage these transactions. As the blockchain industry adapts to emerging threats posed by advances in quantum computing, post-quantum security and advanced privacy tools are becoming the focus of attention.
Zakura's engineering team aims to implement post-quantum signature opcodes in Zcash by January and introduce PIR in the Vizor wallet to enable secure queries, thereby strengthening privacy protection and improving resilience to future quantum attacks.
