华尔街准备迎接美联储自2023年以来首次加息
华尔街正在为美联储采取一项自2023年以来未曾实施的举措做准备:提高利率。联邦公开市场委员会(FOMC)将于周三结束为期两天的会议,根据芝商所(CME)的FedWatch工具显示,加息25个基点的概率高达94.5%,而一个月前这一概率尚不足50%。
从“不太可能”到“几乎普遍预期”,这种转变发生得异常迅速。本周发布的一份《华尔街日报》调查显示,几乎所有主要银行现在都预计周三将宣布加息。其中,巴克莱、花旗集团、摩根大通、摩根士丹利和瑞银等多家机构预测,年底前累计收紧幅度将达到50个基点。相比之下,美国银行、德意志银行和加拿大皇家银行的态度更为鹰派,呼吁今年内收紧75个基点。高盛则处于看涨阵营中相对鸽派的一端,仅计入本周这25个基点的加息,认为此后不会有更多动作。杰富瑞(Jefferies)和牛津经济研究院则是真正的异类,分别预测12月和2027年将出现降息。
通胀顽固与政策分歧推高加息预期
Higher interest rates would increase borrowing costs, curbing consumer spending and hit assets that rely on low-cost investments, such as stocks and Bitcoin. At the same time, it would increase yields on safe government bonds and attract funds to withdraw from riskier investments. However, the core of the market's concern is not the interest rate hike itself, but the uncertainty about how many more interest rate hikes will follow. Because markets loathe this uncertainty, asset prices have begun to be repriced before the Fed's official speech.
The reason for supporting a rate hike lies in stubborn inflation data. The overall consumer price index (CPI) was at an annualized rate of 3.4% in August, and core inflation was at 2.5%, both well above the Fed's 2% target. Affected by the continued conflict between the United States and Iran, rising oil prices have further exacerbated price pressures, which are difficult to offset through tariffs or alleviate by simply cutting interest rates.
The Federal Reserve left interest rates unchanged in the range of 3.50% to 3.75%, but the decision passed with a narrow 9 - 3 margin at that time, and three policymakers had already pushed for a rate hike. Coupled with the stronger-than-expected August employment data, this internal disagreement prompted the committee to lean towards tightening policy on the eve of this week.
The game between political pressure and independence
此次加息使美联储主席凯文·沃什(Kevin Warsh)陷入尴尬境地。唐纳德·特朗普总统于今年一月亲自挑选沃什担任此职,并在其5月的就职典礼上敦促他保持“完全独立”,同时也明确表示期望看到更低的利率。然而,情况并未如特朗普所愿——至少在他理解的“完全独立”方面并非如此。
在过去两周里,特朗普、副总统J.D.万斯以及财政部长斯科特·贝森特(Scott Bessent)都曾公开呼吁降息。特朗普甚至威胁称,如果利率不下降,将停止与对美国保持贸易顺差国家的贸易往来。沃什表示,总统从未对美联储的决策施加过影响。
此次加息发生在11月中期选举前两个月,民调显示选民对高物价和高借贷成本感到沮丧。而这一局面部分源于特朗普本人倡导的关税政策和伊朗冲突政策。债券市场并未等待周三的到来。本周,10年期国债收益率触及5.04%,创下2007年7月以来的最高水平,交易员们已将加息及长期高利率环境计入定价。2年期国债收益率因对美联储政策更为敏感,也达到了2024年7月以来的最高点。
加密货币市场承压前行
收益率上升使得国债相对于风险资产更具吸引力,并往往导致美元走强,这对受益于廉价资金的加密货币等资产构成逆风。加密货币在进入此次决策时已经受损。周二,《清晰度法案》(Clarity Act,即备受期待的加密行业市场结构法案)未能通过参议院终结辩论投票,比特币当日下跌约3.2%,报约75,700美元。目前,比特币的价格已远低于9月接近82,000美元的峰值。

技术面显示,BTC在73,200美元处似乎是一道关键防线:若日线收盘价低于此位,则可能打开向71,000美元甚至66,900美元下跌的空间(基于技术指标),这将取消触发比特币当前“黄金交叉”的价格爆发行情。
并非所有观点都视加息为纯粹利空
并非所有人都将加息解读为纯粹的利空消息。一些分析师认为,旨在锚定长期国债收益率而非真正收紧金融条件的25个基点加息,可能会使加密市场的中期前景基本保持不变。在他们看来,最关键的是美联储的决定以及沃什在新闻发布会上的语调是否会让市场感到意外,即是否超出目前已定价的预期。
鉴于流动性较薄且杠杆较重,高beta值的山寨币无论何种情况,预计都将经历比比特币更剧烈的百分比波动。
美联储声明及更新的点阵图将于美东时间周三下午2点公布,随后是沃什于下午2:30举行的新闻发布会。届时,交易员将密切关注官员们是仍计划今年仅再加息一次,还是更接近美国银行、德意志银行和加拿大皇家银行目前呼吁的额外两次加息。

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