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ETH Ethereum co-founder warns: AI may weaken encryption security, calling for caution in wallet migration
Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin has raised concerns that rapid advances in artificial intelligence (AI) may endanger the security of certain cryptographic systems within two years. The comments were in response to suggestions by Ethereum Foundation researcher Justin Drake, who called on the industry to take a more proactive defensive stance in the face of growing AI-driven risks. Buterin emphasized that the threat does not just come from quantum computing-which has traditionally been seen as the main future challenge facing cryptography.
Concerns about progress in lattice-based cryptography and AI
Buterin pointed out that advances in AI in complex mathematical fields such as number theory and algebra may reveal weaknesses in lattice-based cryptographic systems. These systems include ML-DSA and fully homomorphic encryption (FHE), which are designed to provide security against emerging computing threats. He explained that Ethereum is also studying alternative cryptographic options, such as hash-based signature schemes such as WOTS and SPHINCS+, which rely less on complex mathematical assumptions.
- Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE): allows calculations to be performed directly on encrypted data, achieving data privacy without first decrypting the input.
- WOTS (Winternitz One-Time Signature) and SPHINCS+: are a type of hash-based digital signature scheme that is believed to withstand both quantum attacks and partially AI-driven attacks.
User reactions and safety recommendations
Amid the ongoing debate in the cryptocurrency community, Buterin urged users not to panic about potential AI threats. He advises against rushing to migrate wallets or making abrupt changes to security practices, and warns that poorly planned transitions can cause greater losses than AI-driven attacks themselves. Buterin shared a personal anecdote: "I personally lost more money due to failed migration than all hacking attacks combined."
Instead, he recommends that users use new addresses that have never been used and whose public key is not exposed, use larger key sizes for some encryption systems, and consider offline or off-chain confirmation mechanisms for multi-signature wallets.
"I personally lost more money due to the migration failure than all hacking attacks combined. Please use a new address and be cautious about security changes."
Multiple X (former Twitter) users participated in the discussion. A user named @walicoin focused on "extra algebraic structures in ring/module learning errors (LWE)" and cited vulnerabilities in previous cryptographic schemes including the 2022 classic attack on SIKE and the cyclic ideals SVP problem. The user believed that a hash-based scheme might circumvent these vulnerabilities, although the current guarantee is still heuristic.
Another participant,@the_smart_ape, views cryptocurrency security as an ongoing mathematical puzzle rather than an unsolvable problem. He warned that AI could accelerate mathematical discovery to the point that "quantum-resistant may not be AI resistant." He encourages users to maintain disciplined security practices rather than react hastily.
X 用户 @stacymuur 拓宽了视角，指出对现代密码学的成功量子攻击不仅会破坏加密货币，还会影响银行账户、证券账户和主要在线平台。该用户强调，此类事件将威胁全球金融体系和互联网安全的根基。
“如果量子技术有一天打破了现代密码学，后果将超出加密货币范围，波及银行、券商、Google 和 Apple 账户——相比之下，加密货币只是小问题，这将标志着互联网的终局。”
区块链迁移与基础设施挑战
讨论还涉及将现有区块链系统迁移到更强密码标准的可行性。这种迁移通常只需要更新交易授权的密码流程，而无需将所有代币或资产物理转移到新钱包中。例如，以太坊开发人员可以升级当前账户以支持更安全的签名方案，从而保护现有的 ETH、代币和去中心化金融头寸，而无需大规模转移资产。
作为开源区块链网络和第二大加密货币平台的以太坊，正在推行以“签名敏捷性”为中心的抗量子路线图。这种方法允许单个账户独立采用新的身份验证方法，防止需要协调全网行动。以太坊目前正在探索 EIP-8141 作为此努力的一部分，目标是在大约 2029 年前加固核心基础设施。
安全升级不仅涉及账户签名，还包括关键元素，如 Boneh–Lynn–Shacham (BLS) 验证者签名、Kate–Zaverucha–Goldberg (KZG) 承诺以及零知识系统。BLS 签名非常紧凑，约为 96 字节，而潜在的替代品如基于哈希的 leanXMSS 签名估计约为 3,000 字节，这对系统效率和可扩展性提出了重大技术挑战。
相比之下，比特币面临着复杂的治理挑战：协议级别的迁移可能会影响到那些所有者不活跃或已丢失访问权限的硬币，从而加剧任何全网安全重组的复杂性。
